Imperial Chemical Industries

About: Imperial Chemical Industries is a based out in . It is known for research contribution in the topics: Alkyl & Catalysis. The organization has 8189 authors who have published 7809 publications receiving 190252 citations. The organization is also known as: Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd.

Studies on polymer latex films: I. A study of latex film morphology

Abstract: Polymer films have been formed from poly (butyl methacrylate) latices prepared by surfactant-free emulsion polymerisation. The latices having also been cleaned by microfiltration constitute model colloid particles and hence form ‘model’ films. A novel freeze fracture replication and transmission electron microscopy technique was employed to study film morphology. It demonstrated the presence of interparticle boundaries between latex particles deformed into dodecahedra and the particle packing order without the need for a staining technique. The time and temperature of film formation and storage was shown to affect the degree of particle coalescence. Solvent cast films were also studied for comparison purposes.

Ammonia production process

Abstract: Production of ammonia by the sequence of steam hydrocarbon primary reforming, secondary reforming with air, carbon monoxide shift conversion, carbon oxides removal and catalytic ammonia synthesis is improved by using oxygen-enriched air at secondary reforming and/or by operating the reforming steps so that 5-15% by carbon atoms of the starting hydrocarbon is not reformed but is purged from the synthesis. The oxygen enriched air can be the by-product of a simple air separation plant producing nitrogen, and the nitrogen can be used to aid start-up or shut-down of the process or to keep the process plant in a hot stand-by condition.

The cold drawing of high polymers

Abstract: Like many other polymers, amorphous polyethyleneterephthalate cold draws in the shoulders of a neck when stretched at room temperature. The draw ratio across the shoulders is not a constant for the polymer, but is found to depend on the temperature and speed of stretching, and on the initial specimen cross-section and birefringence. A local temperature rise is also observed in the shoulders. Isothermal load-extension curves have therefore been measured from 20 to 140°C, and from them an adiabatic load-extension curve has been calculated. This has a negative slope range which appears to be unstable. An alternative process of extension at constant tension in a shoulder, coupled with exchanges of heat along the specimen by conduction, appears to be possible at a lower tension than that needed for pure adiabatic extension. For this second process the length of the shoulder, the tension at which it operates, and the draw ratio across it, can be calculated from the simple adiabatic curve and are found to agree with experimental data within a factor of two. This theory is then used to discuss cold drawing in some other polymers.