International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh

About: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh is a facility organization based out in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Vibrio cholerae. The organization has 3103 authors who have published 5238 publications receiving 226880 citations. The organization is also known as: SEATO Cholera Research Laboratory & Bangladesh International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research.

Risk factors for typhoid fever in a slum in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Abstract: We systematically investigated risk factors for typhoid fever in Kamalapur, a poor urban area of Bangladesh, to inform targeted public health measures for its control. We interviewed patients with typhoid fever and two age-matched controls per case about exposures during the 14 days before the onset of illness. The municipal water supply was used by all 41 cases and 81of 82 controls. In multivariate analysis, drinking unboiled water at home was a significant risk factor [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 12.1, 95% CI 2.2-65.6]. Twenty-three (56%) cases and 21 (26%) controls reported that water from the primary source was foul-smelling (aOR 7.4, 95% CI 2.1-25.4). Eating papaya was associated with illness (aOR 5.2, 95% CI 1.2-22.2). Using a latrine for defecation was significantly protective (aOR 0.1, 95% CI 0.02-0.9). Improved chlorination of the municipal water supply or disinfecting drinking water at the household level may dramatically reduce the risk of typhoid fever in Kamalapur. The protective effect of using latrines, particularly among young children, should be investigated further.

Emergence of multidrug-resistant NDM-1-producing Gram-negative bacteria in Bangladesh.

Abstract: The main objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of bla NDM-1 in Gram-negative bacteria in Bangladesh. In October 2010 at the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B) laboratories, 1,816 consecutive clinical samples were tested for imipenem-resistant Gram-negative organisms. Imipenem-resistant isolates were tested for the bla NDM-1 gene. Among 403 isolates, 14 (3.5 %) were positive for bla NDM-1, and the predominant species were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Escherichia coli. All bla NDM-1-positive isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics. Among β-lactamase genes, bla CTX-M-1-group was detected in ten isolates (eight bla CTX-M-15), bla OXA-1-group in six, bla TEM in nine, bla SHV in seven, and bla VIM and bla CMY in two isolates each. The 16S rRNA methylase gene, armA, was detected in five K. pneumoniae isolates and in one E. coli isolate. rmtB and rmtC were detected in a Citrobacter freundii and two K. pneumoniae isolates, respectively. qnr genes were detected in two K. pneumoniae isolates (one qnrB and one qnrS) and in an E. coli isolate (qnrA). Transferable plasmids (60–100 MDa) carrying bla NDM-1 were detected in 7 of the 11 plasmid-containing isolates. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis grouped K. pneumoniae isolates into three clusters, while E. coli isolates differed significantly from each other. This study reports that approximately 3.5 % of Gram-negative clinical isolates in Bangladesh are NDM-1-producing.

Healthcare use and expenditure for diabetes in Bangladesh

Abstract: Background Diabetes imposes a huge social and economic impact on nations. However, information on the costs of treating and managing diabetes in developing countries is limited. The aim of this study was to estimate healthcare use and expenditure for diabetes in Bangladesh. Methods We conducted a matched case–control study between January and July 2014 among 591 adults with diagnosed diabetes mellitus (DMs) and 591 age-matched, sex-matched and residence-matched persons without diabetes mellitus (non-DMs). We recruited DMs from consecutive patients and non-DMs from accompanying persons in the Bangladesh Institute of Health Science (BIHS) hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. We estimated the impact of diabetes on healthcare use and expenditure by calculating ratios and differences between DMs and non-DMs for all expenses related to healthcare use and tested for statistical difference using Student9s t-tests. Results DMs had two times more days of inpatient treatment, 1.3 times more outpatient visits, and 9.7 times more medications than non-DMs (all p Conclusions Diabetes significantly increases healthcare use and expenditure and is likely to impose a huge economic burden on the healthcare systems in Bangladesh. The study highlights the importance of prevention and optimum management of diabetes in Bangladesh and other developing countries, to gain a strong economic incentive through implementing multisectoral approach and cost-effective prevention strategies.

Adaptive and inflammatory immune responses in patients infected with strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Abstract: In patients with diarrhea caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus antibody-secreting cell responses to thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and whole-cell bacteria were seen. TDH- and LPS-specific responses were seen in serum samples and immunoglobulin A antibody responses were observed in stool. Levels of C-reactive protein and nitric oxide metabolites increased in the systemic circulation at the onset of illness. Tumor necrosis factor–a and lactoferrin levels were high during the acute stage in mucosal secretions and in plasma whereas interleukin-1b levels were high only in mucosal secretions. Duodenal and rectal biopsy specimens obtained at the onset of illness showed an acute inflammatory response. The lamina propria showed edema congestion of blood vessels and hemorrhage with an increase in levels of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophages. Strains belonging to different serotypes exhibited varying resistance to killing by serum; the O8:K21 strain was most sensitive. Infection with V. parahaemolyticus results in B cell responses and an acute inflammatory response that is self-limiting. (authors)

Genetic characteristics of Matlab variants of Vibrio cholerae O1 that are hybrids between classical and El Tor biotypes.

Abstract: The Matlab variants of Vibrio cholerae O1, defined as hybrids between the classical and El Tor biotypes, were first isolated from hospitalized patients with acute secretory diarrhoea in Matlab, a rural area of Bangladesh. These variants could not be categorized as classical or El Tor biotypes by phenotypic and genotypic tests, and had representative traits of both the biotypes. A number of virulence-associated genes and/or gene clusters were screened by PCR and DNA sequencing. El Tor-specific gene clusters, Vibrio seventh-pandemic islands (VSP)-I and -II and repeat toxin (RTX) were present in the genome of these variants, indicating their El Tor lineage, whereas the nucleotide-sequence-derived CtxB amino acid sequence of these strains grouped them under the classical biotype. Matlab variants possessed all the necessary genes to initiate pandemics. The genetic relatedness of Matlab variants to the V. cholerae strains recently isolated in Mozambique is another important observation of this study, which underscores the epidemiological significance of Matlab variants.