International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh

About: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh is a facility organization based out in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Vibrio cholerae. The organization has 3103 authors who have published 5238 publications receiving 226880 citations. The organization is also known as: SEATO Cholera Research Laboratory & Bangladesh International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research.

Context matters: interpreting impact findings in child survival evaluations

Abstract: Appropriate consideration of contextual factors is essential for ensuring internal and external validity of randomized and non-randomized evaluations. Contextual factors may confound the association between delivery of the intervention and its potential health impact. They may also modify the effect of the intervention or programme, thus affecting the generalizability of results. This is particularly true for large-scale health programmes, for which impact may vary substantially from one context to another. Understanding the nature and role of contextual factors may improve the validity of study results, as well as help predict programme impact across sites. This paper describes the experience acquired in measuring and accounting for contextual factors in the Multi-Country Evaluation of the IMCI (Integrated Management of Childhood Illness) strategy in five countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, Peru, Uganda and Tanzania. Two main types of contextual factors were identified. Implementation-related factors include the characteristics of the health systems where IMCI was implemented, such as utilization rates, basic skills of health workers, and availability of drugs, supervision and referral. Impact-related factors include baseline levels and patterns of child mortality and nutritional status, which affect the scope for programme impact. We describe the strategies used in the IMCI evaluation in order to obtain data on relevant contextual factors and to incorporate them in the analyses. Two case studies - from Tanzania and Peru - show how appropriate consideration of contextual factors may help explain apparently conflicting evaluation results.

Birth intervals and childhood mortality in rural Bangladesh.

Abstract: This study investigates the relationship between birth intervals and childhood mortality, using longitudinal data from rural Bangladesh known to be of exceptional accuracy and completeness. Results demonstrate significant but very distinctive effects of the previous and subsequent birth intervals on mortality, with the former concentrated in the neonatal period and the latter during early childhood. The impact of short birth intervals on mortality, however, is substantially less than that found in many previous studies of this issue, particularly for the previous birth interval. The findings are discussed in terms of the potential for family planning programs to contribute to improved child survival in settings such as Bangladesh.

The aquatic flora and fauna as reservoirs of Vibrio cholerae: a review.

Abstract: reduce the particulate load, the viability of the organism Aquatic animals and plants may be reservoirs of may be related to the presence of particulates. They y cholerae in the environment. We first consider the suggested that V. cholerae prefer an epibiotic form of possibilities of aquatic fauna as possible reservoirs, habitat. As the organisms can be recovered from filtered Various kinds of aquatic fauna including oysters, estuarine and sea water as well as particulate-free water, zooplankton, crabs, etc. have been considered as potential they also suggested that V. cholerae can survive as a habitats of V. cholerae in the aquatic environment from planktonic form for a certain period of life. time to time. Dastidar and Narayanaswami (13) studied Lee et al. (10) in a 3-year survey from 1979 to 1981 the chitinase activity of 7 strains of V. cholerae classical of the incidence of V. cholerae in water, animals and biotype, 15 strains of El Tor biotype and 4 NAG (non birds in Kent, England, observed that about 6% of all the agglutinating) vibrios. Detectable amounts of chitinase gulls sampled contained V. cholerae non-01. They also activity were observed in most of the strains studied, collected the water samples from the same ditches where Nalin (14) suggested that V. cholerae can survive during y6 h / WCre CaU could not isolate any the interepidemic period attached to copepods in the

Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal.

Abstract: There have been seven pandemics of cholera in recorded history. Even though the etiological agents of the first four pandemics are not known since they occurred in the time before such agents could be recognized, the last three pandemics are known to be due to Vibrio cholerae serogroup 01. The seventh pandemic of cholera caused by the El Tor vibrio originated in Celebes, Indonesia, in 1961 and has spread far and wide over the last 30 years, reaching the South American continent in 1991 (9, 12). V cholerae non-O1 serogroups were not known to cause epidemics of diarrhea; they were known, however, to cause sporadic cases and small outbreaks of diarrheas and extraintestinal infections (34). A departure from this pattern occurred in October 1992, when an epidemic of cholera-like disease due to a V cholerae non-O1 serogroup broke out in the southern Indian port city of Madras. Over the next few months, it spread to other southern Indian cities and reached the northeastern Indian city of Calcutta (50). In December of that year, there was an outbreak of cholera-like illness in southern coastal Bangladesh, which over the subsequent several months spread to the entire country (1, 6, 8). The strain also caused epidemics of diarrhea in other parts of India at the same time (23). The disease affected thousands of individuals, mainly adults, and caused many deaths in the Indian subcontinent, indicating that the population was virgin to the organism (6). Nomenclature. The epidemic strain was not related to the 138 known serogroups of V cholerae (serogroup 01 and 137 non-O1 serogroups); therefore, a new serogroup, 0139 was assigned to the strain with the synonym Bengal to indicate its first isolation from the coastal areas of the Bay of Bengal (57). At last count, V cholerae 0139 infection had been reported from India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, China, and Pakistan (1, 15, 22). There were also imported cases in the United Kingdom (14) and the United States (13). Therefore, it is believed that V cholerae 0139 might be the agent of eighth pandemic of cholera (38, 58). Since the strain causes a disease which is virtually indistinguishable from cholera due to V cholerae 01, it should be considered the second etiological agent of cholera (10, 62). It also shares several properties with V cholerae 01 biotype El Tor: morphology, culture, fimbrial antigens, cholera toxin (CT), genes for zonula occludens toxin (zot), and accessory cholera enterotoxin (ace), in vitro invasiveness for HEp-2 cells, possession and location of CTX element in the core region of the chromosome, possession of toxin coregulated pilus structural gene (tcpA) and iron-regulated genes (IrgA, ViuA, and fur) and their locations on similar sites in the chromosomes,