Showing papers by "Northwestern University published in 1991"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed and validated an instrument for assessing person-organization fit, the Organizational Culture Profile (OCP), which was used to assess the dimensionality of individual preferences for organizational cultures and the existence of these cultures are interpretable.
Abstract: This article brings together three current themes in organizational behavior: (1) a renewed interest in assessing person-situation interactional constructs, (2) the quantitative assessment of organizational culture, and (3) the application of “Q-sort,” or template-matching, approaches to assessing person-situation interactions. Using longitudinal data from accountants and M.B.A. students and cross-sectional data from employees of government agencies and public accounting firms, we developed and validated an instrument for assessing person-organization fit, the Organizational Culture Profile (OCP). Results suggest that the dimensionality of individual preferences for organizational cultures and the existence of these cultures are interpretable. Further, person-organization fit predicts job satisfaction and organizational commitment a year after fit was measured and actual turnover after two years. This evidence attests to the importance of understanding the fit between individuals' preferences and organiza...
4,275 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors develop and longitudinally test a model to understand and predict behavior in organizations, considering both person and situation factors, and how these factors interact with each other.
Abstract: Understanding and predicting behavior in organizations requires a consideration of person and situation factors, and how these factors interact. This paper develops and longitudinally tests a model...
2,034 citations
TL;DR: The filter holder provides for back-and-forth passage of the sample between two syringes, a design that minimizes filter blockage, eliminates the need to change filters during LUVET preparation and reduces preparation time to a few minutes.
1,444 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the role of agricultural productivity in economic development is addressed in a two-sector model of endogenous growth in which preferences are nonhomothetic and the income elasticity of demand for the agricultural good is less than unitary, and the engine of growth is learning-by-doing in the manufacturing sector.
Abstract: The role of agricultural productivity in economic development is addressed in a two-sector model of endogenous growth in which a) preferences are non-homothetic and the income elasticity of demand for the agricultural good is less than unitary, and b) the engine of growth is learning-by-doing in the manufacturing sector. For the closed economy case, the model predicts a positive link between agricultural productivity and economic growth and thus provides a formalization of the conventional wisdom, which asserts that agricultural revolution is a precondition for industrial revolution. For the open economy case, however, the model predicts a negative link; that is, an economy with a relatively unproductive agricultural sector experiences faster and accelerating growth. The result suggests that the openness of an economy should be an important factor when planning development strategy and predicting growth performance.
1,290 citations
1,236 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of top management as a key resource in obtaining sustained, competitive advantage for the firm is examined and linked to isolating mechanisms and firm rents, and the importance of managerial expertise as a rent-generating firm resource is emphasized.
1,057 citations
926 citations
TL;DR: Strong correlation between the FFI total and sub-scale scores and clinical measures of foot pathology supported the criterion validity of the index, and should prove useful for both clinical and research purposes.
840 citations
834 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a critical cultural politics towards a critical ethnography, which they call "Rethinking ethnography" (RethINKING ENERGY).
Abstract: (1991). Rethinking ethnography: Towards a critical cultural politics. Communication Monographs: Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 179-194.
822 citations
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention1, Johns Hopkins University2, University of Rochester3, Georgetown University4, University of Minnesota5, University of Pennsylvania6, Harvard University7, University of California, Los Angeles8, National Institutes of Health9, University of Pittsburgh10, Northwestern University11, University of California, San Diego12, World Health Organization13, University College London14, Columbia University15, Max Planck Society16
TL;DR: These definitions have been developed in conjunction with the International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10, unpublished draft of the World Health Organization) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV, unpublishedDraft of the American Psychiatric Association) and are not identical.
Abstract: Infection with human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) has been associated with avariety of neurologic disorders thought to be caused, directly or indirectly, by HIV-1.1-6 Although these disorders have been described clinically, there is no consensus terminology or criteria for diagnosis. To develop consensus nomenclature and case definitions for HIV-1-associated neurologic conditions for research purposes, the American Academy of Neurology AIDS Task Force convened a working group of neurologists, neuropsychologists, psychiatrists, and sociologists that included representatives of the American Neurological Association, the World Federation of Neurology, the International Neuropsychological Society, the National Academy of Neuropsychology, the American Psychological Association, the American Psychiatric Association, the World Health Organization, and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). These definitions have been developed in conjunction with the International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10, unpublished draft of the World Health Organization) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV, unpublished draft of the American Psychiatric Association). Although consistent with the ICD-10, the definitions are not identical. HIV-2 may cause similar disorders, but the neurologic manifestations of HIV-2 are unknown and are not addressed in this article.
TL;DR: The associations between gestational ketonemia in the mother and a lower IQ in the child warrant continued efforts to avoid ketoacidosis and accelerated starvation in all pregnant women.
Abstract: Background It is not clear to what extent maternal metabolism during pregnancy affects the cognitive and behavioral function of the offspring by altering brain development in utero. To investigate this question, we correlated measures of metabolism in pregnant diabetic and nondiabetic women with the intellectual development of their offspring. Methods The study included 223 pregnant women and their singleton offspring: 89 women had diabetes before pregnancy (pregestational diabetes mellitus), 99 had the onset of diabetes during pregnancy (gestational diabetes mellitus), and 35 had normal carbohydrate metabolism during their pregnancy. We correlated measures of maternal glucose and lipid metabolism (fasting plasma glucose levels, hemoglobin A1c levels, episodes of hypoglycemia, episodes of acetonuria, and plasma β-hydroxybutyrate and free fatty acid levels) with two measures of intellectual development in the offspring — the mental-development index of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, give...
TL;DR: The authors used the global bifurcation technique to determine when an underdevelopment trap exists and when a takeoff path exists, and the role of government policy and agricultural productivity in industrialization were then considered.
Abstract: This paper asks whether adjustment processes over real time help to "select" the long-run outcome in a model of industrialization, where multiple stationary states exist because of increasing returns in the manufacturing sector. "History" alone cannot in general determine where the economy will end up. Self-fulfilling expectations often make the escape from the state of preindustrialization (the takeoff) possible. The global bifurcation technique is used to determine when an underdevelopment trap exists and when a takeoff path exists. The role of government policy and agricultural productivity in industrialization are then considered.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that two patients with spontaneous cases of Dowling-Meara EBS have point mutations in a critical region in one (K14) of two basal keratin genes, suggesting that the basis for the phenotype in this patient resides in this point mutation.
TL;DR: Although gC is dispensable for replication of herpes simplex virus in cell culture, it clearly facilitates virion adsorption and enhances infectivity by about a factor of 10.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify the herpes simplex virus glycoprotein(s) that mediates the adsorption of virions to cells. Because heparan sulfate moieties of cell surface proteoglycans serve as the receptors for herpes simplex virus adsorption, we tested whether any of the viral glycoproteins could bind to heparin-Sepharose in affinity chromatography experiments. Two glycoproteins, gB and gC, bound to heparin-Sepharose and could be eluted with soluble heparin. In order to determine whether virions devoid of gC or gB were impaired for adsorption, we quantitated the binding of wild-type and mutant virions to cells. We found that at equivalent input concentrations of purified virions, significantly fewer gC-negative virions bound to cells than did wild-type or gB-negative virions. In addition, the gC-negative virions that bound to cells showed a significant delay in penetration compared with wild-type virus. The impairments in adsorption and penetration of the gC-negative virions can account for their reduced PFU/particle ratios, which were found to be about 5 to 10% that of wild-type virions, depending on the host cell. Although gC is dispensable for replication of herpes simplex virus in cell culture, it clearly facilitates virion adsorption and enhances infectivity by about a factor of 10.
TL;DR: The paper presents the structure of a dynamic model in which newly acquired information may affect pretrip and en-route travel decisions, and the potential magnitudes of the effects that were identified were identified.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: For example, this article showed that only 25% of the 200 top-selling drugs in 1972 remained in the group 15 years later (David Cleeton, Valy Goepfrich, and Burton Weisbrod 1990).
Abstract: During the roughly four decades since the end of World War II, the health care system in the United States has experienced historically unprecedented change in three dimensions. First, new technologies have revolutionized the ways in which health care is capable of being practiced. Almost all of today's armamentarium of disease diagnosis and treatment devices and techniques were unknown 40 years ago. In the case of prescription drugs, for example, about 10 percent of the 200 largest-selling drugs are new each year; and only 25 percent of the 200 top-selling drugs in 1972 remained in the group 15 years later (David Cleeton, Valy Goepfrich, and Burton Weisbrod 1990).
TL;DR: In this article, a seasonal GARCH model is developed to describe the time-dependent volatility apparent in the percentage nominal return of each currency and the hourly patterns in volatility are found to be remarkably similar across currencies and appear to be related to the opening and closing of the worlds major markets.
Abstract: Four foreign exchange spot rate series, recorded on an hourly basis for a six-month period in 1986 are examined. A seasonal GARCH model is developed to describe the time-dependent volatility apparent in the percentage nominal return of each currency. Hourly patterns in volatility are found to be remarkably similar across currencies and appear to be related to the opening and closing of the worlds major markets. Robust LM tests designed to deal with the extreme leptokurtosis in the data fails to uncover any evidence of misspecification or the presence of volatility spillover effects between the currencies or across markets.
TL;DR: It is reported that day-12 colony-forming-unit spleen (CFU-S12)5 cells and reconstituting haematopoietic stem cells attach to the C-terminal, heparin-binding fragment of fibronectin by recognizing the CS-1 peptide of the alternatively spliced non-type III connecting segment (IIICS) of human plasma fibronECTin.
Abstract: THE self-renewal and differentiation of haematopoietic stem cells occurs in vivo and in vitro in direct contact with cells making up the haematopoietic microenvironment1–4. In this study we used adhesive ligands and blocking antibodies to identify stromal cell-derived extracellular matrix proteins involved in promoting attachment of murine haematopoietic stem cells. Here we report that day-12 colony-forming-unit spleen (CFU-S12)5 cells and reconstituting haematopoietic stem cells attach to the C-terminal, heparin-binding fragment of fibronectin by recognizing the CS-1 peptide of the alternatively spliced non-type III connecting segment (IIICS) of human plasma fibronectin. Furthermore, CFU-S12 stem cells express the α4 subunit of the VLA-4 integrin receptor, which is known to be a receptor for the CS-1 sequence, and monoclonal antibodies against the integrin α4 subunit of VLA-4 block adhesion of CFU-S12 stem cells to plates coated with the C-terminal fibronectin fragment. Finally, polyclonal antibodies against the integrin β1 subunit of VLA-4 inhibit the formation of CFU-S12-derived spleen colonies and medullary haematopoiesis in vivo following intravenous infusion of antibody-treated bone marrow cells.
TL;DR: The authors introduced the notion of competitive decision making into the strategic decision-making literature and embedding this notion into a framework of industry and competitor analysis, showing that decision makers typically have specific "blind spots" when they consider the contingent decisions of competitors.
Abstract: This article bridges the literatures on competitor analysis and strategic decision making by (1) introducing the notion of competitive decision making into the strategic decision-making literature and (2) embedding this notion into a framework of industry and competitor analysis. The article shows that decision makers typically have specific “blind spots” when they consider the contingent decisions of competitors. The article identifies these blind spots and discusses how they may explain persistent, commonly observed phenomena such as industry overcapacity, new business entry failures, and acquisition premiums.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the use of collateral in a competitive equilibrium in which borrowers can choose hidden actions and may additionally possess hidden knowledge and showed that an increase in the riskless interest rate causes equilibrium loan rates and collateral requirements to increase.
Abstract: The authors examine collateral in a competitive equilibrium in which borrowers can choose hidden actions and may additionally possess hidden knowledge. Apart from explaining the widespread use of collateral despite deadweight costs, they show that an increase in the riskless interest rate causes equilibrium loan rates and collateral requirements to increase, a decline in the deadweight costs of collateral reduces the equilibrium collateral use under moral hazard, and an increase in the borrower's project size reduces equilibrium collateral use under moral hazard. Some of these predictions are tested and found to be supported by the data. Copyright 1991 by Royal Economic Society.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that most subjects with a severe mental disorder also meet criteria for a substance abuse or antisocial personality disorder, and these findings suggest several changes in public policy regarding health care delivery in correctional settings and for the general population.
Abstract: Studies have demonstrated that police often arrest the mentally ill when treatment alternatives would be preferable but are unavailable. Thus, jails may contain disproportionate numbers of severely mentally ill persons who have co-occurring disorders. Data on the co-occurrence of severe mental disorder, substance abuse, and antisocial personality disorders were gathered from 728 randomly selected male urban jail detainees. Using difference of proportions tests and loglinear analysis, the authors demonstrated that most subjects with a severe mental disorder (schizophrenia or a major affective disorder) also meet criteria for a substance abuse or antisocial personality disorder. These findings suggest several changes in public policy regarding health care delivery in correctional settings and for the general population.
Book•
01 Jan 1991TL;DR: Schank as discussed by the authors takes a look at the human side of intelligence: thinking, memory, imagination, imagery, and mythology, showing how the mind assimilates knowledge and how that knowledge is retrieved.
Abstract: Schank takes a look at the human side of intelligence: thinking, memory, imagination, imagery, and mythology. A bold attempt at showing how the mind assimilates knowledge and how that knowledge is retrieved--a process similar in both humans and machines.
TL;DR: In this paper, the shape of a response time (RT) distribution can be described by a 3-parameter model consisting of the convolution of the normal and exponential distributions, the ex-Gaussian.
Abstract: The shape of a response time (RT) distribution can be described by a 3-parameter model consisting of the convolution of the normal and exponential distributions, the ex-Gaussian. Analyses based on mean RT do not take the distributions shape into account and, for that reason, may obscure aspects of performance. To illustrate the point, the ex-Gaussian model was applied to data obtained from a Stroop task. Mean RT revealed strong interference but no facilitation, whereas the analysis based on the ex-Gaussian model showed both interference and facilitation. In short, analyses that do not take the shape of RT distributions into account can mislead and, therefore, should be avoided. Response time (RT) distributions typically have a positively skewed unimodal shape that contains information that cannot be derived from the distributions mean and variance. A number of studies using a variety of tasks have exploited the extra information to test models (Hacker, 1980; Hockley, 1984; Ratcliff, 1978, 1979). A distributional analysis was used, for instance, to reject the class of models for recognition memory that assumes serial processing at a constant rate: Such models predict mean RT (MRr) but do not account for the shape of the distribution in both the study-test and prememorized-list paradigms (Hockley & CorbaUis, 1982; Ratcliff& Murdock, 1976). In spite of its proven utility, however, the literature appears to treat a distributional analysis as an esoteric supplement to the traditional analysis, namely, the analysis of MRr. In this article, we argue that a distributional analysis should not be treated as a supplementary technique. Rather, we contend that RT measures should always be analyzed using a distributional analysis and that the traditional analysis of MRr risks serious misinterpretation of the data. We start by describing difficulties associated with an analysis of MRr. Next, we discuss
TL;DR: This article found that women appeared to have a lower threshold for elaborating on message cues and thus made more judgmental judgments than men, while men were more likely to elaborate on the message cues.
Abstract: Data from two experiments suggest that the genders differ in how they make judgments. In comparison with men, women appeared to have a lower threshold for elaborating on message cues and thus made ...
TL;DR: The authors found that childhood gender nonconformity does not appear to be an indicator of genetic loading for homosexuality, and that the rate of homosexuality among nontwin biological siblings, as reported by probands, was significantly lower than would be predicted by a simple genetic hypothesis and other published reports.
Abstract: Homosexual male probands with monozygotic cotwins, dizygotic cotwins, or adoptive brothers were recruited using homophile publications. Sexual orientation of relatives was assessed either by asking relatives directly, or when this was impossible, asking the probands. Of the relatives whose sexual orientation could be rated, 52% (29/56) of monozygotic cotwins, 22% (12/54) of dizygotic cotwins, and 11% (6/57) of adoptive brothers were homosexual. Heritabilities were substantial under a wide range of assumptions about the population base rate of homosexuality and ascertainment bias. However, the rate of homosexuality among nontwin biological siblings, as reported by probands, 9.2% (13/142), was significantly lower than would be predicted by a simple genetic hypothesis and other published reports. A proband's self-reported history of childhood gender non-conformity did not predict homosexuality in relatives in any of the three subsamples. Thus, childhood gender nonconformity does not appear to be an indicator of genetic loading for homosexuality. Cotwins from concordant monozygotic pairs were very similar for childhood gender nonconformity.
TL;DR: The utility of compositional modeling is illustrated by outlining the organization of a large-scale, multi-grain,Multi-perspective model the authors have built for engineering thermodynamics, and showing how the model composition algorithm can be used to automatically select the appropriate knowledge to answer questions in a tutorial setting.
TL;DR: The Third International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) was convened in Chicago, Illinois, on 8 November 1990 as an invitational meeting sponsored by the American Diabetes Association.
Abstract: The Third International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) was convened in Chicago, Illinois, on 8 November 1990 as an invitational meeting sponsored by the American Diabetes Association with the cooperation of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the National Diabetes Advisory Board, the Centers for Disease Control, and the Diabetic Pregnancy Study Group of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. The meeting provided a forum for the review of new information concerning GDM in the areas of diagnosis and prevalence, perinatal and long-range implications, and management strategies.
01 Oct 1991
TL;DR: Similarity has been cast both as a hero and a villain in theories of cognitive processing, and the same is true for cognitive development as mentioned in this paper, and it has been suggested that similarity may play a role in word acquisition.
Abstract: Similarity has been cast both as hero and as villain in theories of cognitive processing, and the same is true for cognitive development. On the positive side, Rosch and her colleagues have suggested that similarity is an initial organizing principle in the development of categorization (e.g., Rosch, Mervis, Gray, Johnson, & Boyes-Braem, 1976), and Carey (1985) implicates a similarity mechanism in children's learning of the biological domain. It has also been suggested that similarity may play a role in word acquisition (Anglin, 1970; Bowerman, 1973, 1976; E. V. Clark, 1973; Davidson & Gelman, 1990; Gentner, 1982c). Others have taken a more pessimistic view, according to which similarity is either a misleading or at best an inferior strategy used as a last resort. Keil (1989), for example, posits that children begin with theories of the world and that