Showing papers by "Texas Christian University published in 2001"
TL;DR: The objective of KMS is to support creation, transfer, and application of knowledge in organizations by promoting a class of information systems, referred to as knowledge management systems.
Abstract: Knowledge is a broad and abstract notion that has defined epistemological debate in western philosophy since the classical Greek era. In the past few years, however, there has been a growing interest in treating knowledge as a significant organizational resource. Consistent with the interest in organizational knowledge and knowledge management (KM), IS researchers have begun promoting a class of information systems, referred to as knowledge management systems (KMS). The objective of KMS is to support creation, transfer, and application of knowledge in organizations. Knowledge and knowledge management are complex and multi-faceted concepts. Thus, effective development and implementation of KMS requires a foundation in several rich literatures.
9,531 citations
TL;DR: A management construct cannot be used effectively by practitioners and researchers if a common agreement on its definition is lacking as discussed by the authors, which is the case with the term "supply chain management".
Abstract: A management construct cannot be used effectively by practitioners and researchers if a common agreement on its definition is lacking. Such is the case with the term “supply chain management”—so many definitions are used that there is little consensus on what it means. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to examine the existing research in an effort to understand the concept of “supply chain management.” Various definitions of SCM and “supply chain” are reviewed, categorized, and synthesized. Definitions of supporting constructs of SCM and a framework are then offered to establish a consistent means to conceptualize SCM. Antecedents and consequences of SCM are identified, and the boundaries of SCM in terms of business functions and organizations are proposed. A conceptual model and unified definition of SCM are then presented that indicate the nature, antecedents, and consequences of the phenomena.
4,451 citations
TL;DR: A meta-analysis found that when organized into a systematic set of factors that vary across studies, false-belief results cluster systematically with the exception of only a few outliers, and is consistent with theoretical accounts that propose that understanding of belief, and, relatedly, understanding of mind, exhibit genuine conceptual change in the preschool years.
Abstract: Research on theory of mind increasingly encompasses apparently contradictory findings. In particular, in initial studies, older preschoolers consistently passed false-belief tasks—a so-called “definitive” test of mentalstate understanding—whereas younger children systematically erred. More recent studies, however, have found evidence of false-belief understanding in 3-year-olds or have demonstrated conditions that improve children’s performance. A meta-analysis was conducted ( N � 178 separate studies) to address the empirical inconsistencies and theoretical controversies. When organized into a systematic set of factors that vary across studies, false-belief results cluster systematically with the exception of only a few outliers. A combined model that included age, country of origin, and four task factors (e.g., whether the task objects were transformed in order to deceive the protagonist or not) yielded a multiple R of .74 and an R 2 of .55; thus, the model accounts for 55% of the variance in false-belief performance. Moreover, false-belief performance showed a consistent developmental pattern, even across various countries and various task manipulations: preschoolers went from below-chance performance to above-chance performance. The findings are inconsistent with early competence proposals that claim that developmental changes are due to tasks artifacts, and thus disappear in simpler, revised false-belief tasks; and are, instead, consistent with theoretical accounts that propose that understanding of belief, and, relatedly, understanding of mind, exhibit genuine conceptual change in the preschool years.
3,493 citations
TL;DR: Findings reveal significant differences in the reasons that these firms decided to adopt Web technology depending on when the firm made the adoption decision; early adopters placed more emphasis on perceived benefits and compatibility of the Web with existing technology and organizational norms than did later adopters.
446 citations
TL;DR: This chapter advances a knowledge chain model that identifies and characterizes KM activities an organization can focus on to achieve competitiveness and presents some observations about avenues for future research to extend, test, and apply the model in business practices.
Abstract: Today, there is a growing recognition by researchers and practitioners about the importance of managing knowledge as a critical source for competitive advantage. Various assertions about competitiveness through knowledge management (KM) are consistent with results of empirical studies and lessons learned on the knowledge highways and byways. In spite of these macro-level contentions and success stories, there has been little investigation of a systematic means for studying connections between KM activity and competitiveness. This chapter advances a knowledge chain model that identifies and characterizes KM activities an organization can focus on to achieve competitiveness. The model is analogous to Porter’ s value chain and is grounded in a descriptive KM framework developed via a Delphi-study involving international KM experts. It is comprised of five primary activities that an organization’ s knowledge processors perform in manipulating knowledge resources, plus four secondary activities that support and guide their performance. Each activity is discussed in detail, including examples. Evidence is provided from the literature illustrating each activity’ s role in adding value to an organization to increase its competitiveness through improved productivity, agility, reputation, and innovation. In conclusion, we present some observations about avenues for future research to extend, test, and apply the model in business practices.
435 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the antecedents and outcomes of salesperson burnout and test the conceptual model of burnout using a multi-company sample of field salespeople in an international setting.
Abstract: Investigates the antecedents and outcomes of salesperson burnout. Prior research on burnout in personal selling is extended by including a more complete set of predictors of burnout, and by testing the conceptual model of burnout using a multi‐company sample of field salespeople in an international setting. Relationships among burnout, attitudes, and behavior are predicted based on relevant literature, and are tested using survey results from 148 field salespeople in Australia. Path analysis results show that the proposed conceptual model fits the data well. Intrinsic motivation, role ambiguity, and role conflict are all significant antecedents of burnout. Job satisfaction and salesperson performance are direct outcomes of burnout, and also mediate the indirect influence of burnout on organizational commitment and intention to leave. Implications for salesforce management and future research are discussed.
294 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the link between board composition and an enterprise strategy outcome, stakeholder relations, and found that the presence of stakeholder directors (suppliers, customers, employees, and community representatives) is positively associated with stakeholder performance.
Abstract: In this article, we examine the link between board composition and an enterprise strategy outcome, stakeholder relations. Because a firm’s enterprise strategy is set at the highest level of the organization, we expect the presence of stakeholder directors (suppliers, customers, employees, and community representatives) to be positively associated with stakeholder performance.Results from an analysis of 3,268 board members representing 250 firms are discussed in the context of both corporate governance and stakeholder management literatures.
272 citations
TL;DR: Important biochemical changes in mev-1 animals are reported that serve to explain their abnormalities under normoxic conditions: an overproduction of superoxide anion from mitochondria; and a reciprocal reduction in glutathione content even under atmospheric oxygen.
268 citations
TL;DR: Long-term Cr supplementation increases muscle strength and size, possibly as a result of increased MHC synthesis.
Abstract: WILLOUGHBY, D. S., and J. ROSENE. Effects of oral creatine and resistance training on myosin heavy chain expression. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 33, No. 10, 2001, pp. 1674–1681. Purpose: This study examined 12 wk of creatine (Cr) supplementation and heavy resistance training on muscle strength and
207 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate factors that are related to the use of marketing information in the evaluation of marketing communications productivity, and find that information quality, organization formalization, task complexity, market turbulence, rationality of decision style, and group involvement are all positively related to marketing communication productivity.
Abstract: Most prior research on the use of marketing information has studied antecedents of the use of information in new product strategy decisions. This study investigates factors that are related to the use of marketing information in the evaluation of marketing communications productivity. The information used in this context originates from a wide range of internal and external sources. On the basis of organizational theories of information processing, the authors develop and test a conceptual framework explaining the use of information to evaluate marketing communications productivity. Collected survey data indicate that information quality, organization formalization, task complexity, market turbulence, rationality of decision style, and group involvement are all positively related to the use of information in assessing marketing communications productivity. Moderating relationships involving formalization, complexity, decision style, and the degree of group involvement are also found. Implications for managing market knowledge and future research in information use are discussed.
144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the association between counseling rapport and drug abuse treatment outcomes and found that a lower level of rapport during treatment predicted worse post-index treatment outcomes, including more cocaine use and criminality.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study examined the association between counseling rapport and drug abuse treatment outcomes. METHODS: Two cohorts of outpatients who were being treated with methadone in four cities were studied. Cohort 1 comprised 354 patients in community-based nonprofit programs, and cohort 2 comprised 223 patients from a private for-profit program. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the importance of counseling rapport as a predictor of drug use and criminality relative to treatment retention in the index treatment, satisfaction with treatment, and whether additional treatment was received after the index treatment. RESULTS: In both cohorts, ratings made by counselors, during treatment, of therapeutic involvement and relationships with patients provided a useful measure of counseling rapport. A lower level of rapport during treatment predicted worse post-index treatment outcomes, including more cocaine use and criminality, both by itself and after adjustment for treatment retention, satis...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed and tested a job satisfaction model that examines the role of rewarding professionalism and whether rewards for professional behavior foster professionalism and esprit de corps (a set of enthusiastically shared feelings, beliefs, and values about group membership and performance) in order to further understand of job satisfaction for professional service providers.
Abstract: The services literature extols the importance of the link between satisfied customers and satisfied employees. In this study, the authors develop and test a job satisfaction model that examines the role of rewarding professionalism. Specifically, they examine whether rewards for professional behavior foster professionalism and esprit de corps (a set of enthusiastically shared feelings, beliefs, and values about group membership and performance) in order to further understanding of job satisfaction for professional service providers. Using surveys from marketing researchers, the authors assess the importance of rewarding professional service providers for professional behavior by examining the links between reward structures, esprit de corps, and job satisfaction. Research findings indicate that as organizations reward professional behavior they help foster the development of key aspects of professionalism. The findings are that a reward structure favoring professional behavior directly leads to higher esp...
TL;DR: A novel and practical approach to monosubstituted phosphinic acid (alkylphosphonous acid) derivatives from hypophosphite salts or esters is described, which tolerates a wide range of functional groups and can be prepared in a single step from cheap starting materials.
Abstract: A novel and practical approach to monosubstituted phosphinic acid (alkylphosphonous acid) derivatives from hypophosphite salts or esters is described. Phosphorus-centered radical formation is initi...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a model for library skills training for internationalstudents by weaving together ACRL's Information Literacy Competency Standards with the communication, educational and cultural adjustments international students encounter when studying in the USA.
Abstract: Much library research over the last decade has focused on serving this particular group of library user. The project synthesizes and supplements past recommendations with a survey of academic institutions in the Southern USA. Data were collected from 123 colleges and universities. Both librarians and international student support staff agreed that the major challenges international students face are language/communication problems, adjusting to a new educational/library system, and general culture adjustments. The paper recommends a model for library skills training for internationalstudents by weaving together ACRL’s Information Literacy Competency Standards with the communication, educational and cultural adjustments international students encounter when studying in the USA.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose and test an alternative model whereby job applicants' familiarity with employers mediates the relationship between corporate social performance and organizational attractiveness, and their results support this model; firm familiarity completely mediates relationship between Corporate Social performance and organization attractiveness, while a firm's overall level of corporate social activity (whether good deeds or misdeeds) may contribute directly to firm familiarity and indirectly to attractiveness through familiarity.
Abstract: Previous research has suggested that corporate social performance is positively related to firms’ attractiveness as employers. The authors propose and test an alternative model whereby job applicants’ familiarity with employers mediates the relationship between corporate social performance and organizational attractiveness. Applicants’familiarity with firms may serve as a signal of firms’suitability as employers, with more familiar firms considered more attractive. Furthermore, a firm’s overall level of corporate social activity (whether “good deeds” or “ misdeeds”) may contribute directly to firm familiarity and indirectly to attractiveness through familiarity. The authors’ results support this model; firm familiarity completely mediates the relationship between corporate social performance and organizational attractiveness.
TL;DR: The authors compared education students' attitudes toward working in urban schools as they entered teacher preparation and later after student teaching, given descriptions of four schools differing from each other, and found that students were more likely to report negative attitudes toward urban schools.
Abstract: This study compared education students’ attitudes toward working in urban schools as they entered teacher preparation and later after student teaching. Given descriptions of four schools differing ...
TL;DR: Pregnant and parenting women who completed program requirements were more likely to have a high school degree or equivalent, no arrests in the 6 months before admission, and friends who were less deviant.
Abstract: Although there is increasing emphasis on providing drug treatment programs for women that address their specific needs (including parenting and childcare), some women still fail to complete treatme...
TL;DR: In this article, a conceptual model and hypotheses are developed linking the satisfaction with territory design with role ambiguity, intrinsic motivation, job satisfaction, and performance, and survey results provide strong support for 19 of the 21 hypotheses examined.
Abstract: The primary emphasis of previous research concerning salespeople has been focused on their attitudes and behavior. The relationship between organizational variables and salesperson attitudes and behavior has received very limited attention. Sales territory design is largely uncontrollable by the salesperson, yet is acknowledged by managers and researchers as an important factor enabling salespeople to perform well. The objective is to examine satisfaction with territory design from the perspective of the salesperson. A conceptual model and hypotheses are developed linking the satisfaction with territory design with role ambiguity, intrinsic motivation, job satisfaction, and performance. Role conflict, met expectations, organizational commitment, and intention to leave are also included in the model. Survey results provide strong support for 19 of the 21 hypotheses examined. The findings offer significant insights concerning the role of territory design satisfaction in face-to-face selling and its consequences. Several managerial implications and avenues for future research are discussed.
TL;DR: The results indicate that Complexes I and II may differ in their effects on behavior and development, and are consistent with the wide variation in phenotypes that result from mitochondrial changes in other organisms.
TL;DR: This article examined the extent to which these functions are performed by outside board members in Overseas Chinese firms in Hong Kong and Taiwan and found that the service and control functions are less pronounced for East Asian boards than what would be expected in the West, while the resource dependence function is more pronounced.
Abstract: Since the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990's, there have been numerous calls for the reform of East Asian corporate governance. Without reform, fears abound that the crisis will return. However, a baseline understanding of corporate governance in East Asia needs to be established before reform efforts can begin. In the West, three major functions of boards are commonly recognized: resource dependence, service, and control. These functions have yet to be examined in the context of boards of directors of Overseas Chinese firms in East Asia. In this exploratory study, we examine the extent to which these functions are performed, primarily by outside board members, in Overseas Chinese firms in Hong Kong and Taiwan. We find that the service and control functions are less pronounced for East Asian boards than what would be expected in the West, while the resource dependence function is more pronounced. We also findthat the governance of the region is being moved closer to international practices by a new generation of leaders that have been exposed to Western influences and intense global competition. The implications of our findings for managers, educators, and researchers are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose an exploratory framework for a structured analysis of the various segments of the manufacturing system in which agility at different levels is built-in through different pathways and links it to a set of aggregate performance measures.
Abstract: It has been widely recognized that agility enables manufacturing systems to respond to dynamic and unpredictable changes in today’s competitive environment. Develops a quantitative analysis framework and a simulation methodology to explore the value of agility in financial terms. Addresses the issues pertaining to the assessment of how an agile system performs in an environment of unanticipated changes, the comparison between two or more systems with different designs and hence different agility levels and the justification of investments in agility. Proposes an exploratory framework for a structured analysis of the various segments of the manufacturing system in which agility at different levels is built‐in through different pathways and links it to a set of aggregate performance measures. Then develops a simulation model that captures dynamic and unanticipated changes in the operating environment and facilitates performance appraisal and investment justification decisions using a quantitative financial metric.
TL;DR: The host preference that produces host-associated mating is inherited nonadditively at a relatively small number of loci on autosomal genes, indicating that the host races could have evolved in sympatry.
Abstract: Host-associated mating is crucial in maintaining the partial reproductive isolation between the host races of Eurosta solidaginis (Diptera: Tephritidae), a fly that forms galls on Solidago altissima and S. gigantea. (We refer to flies reared from S. gigantea as gigantea flies and those reared from S. altissima as altissima flies.) We measured the host preference of males and females of both host races, F1 hybrids between the host races, F2, and backcrosses to both host races. Male and female altissima flies and female gigantea flies had high host fidelity, whereas male gigantea flies had low host fidelity. This result suggests that there may be gene flow between the host races due to nonassortative mating that occurs when male gigantea mate with altissima females on S. altissima. This indicates assortative-mating mechanisms in addition to host-associated mating are required to produce the partial reproductive isolation between the host races that has been observed. Nongenetic factors had no influence on host preference. Larval conditioning did not influence host preference: reciprocal F 1 hybrids reared in S. altissima and S. gigantea both preferred S. gigantea. Adult experience had no impact on host preference: females preferred their natal host plant regardless of which host they encountered first as an adult. The hypothesis that maternal effects influence preferences was rejected because male and female flies did not show a consistent preference for the host plant of their mother. We also found no evidence that preference was a sex-linked trait because F1 and backcrosses to the host races with different combinations of X chromosomes from the two host races preferred S. gigantea. Our results indicate that host preference is not determined by a large number of genes because preference of hybrids did not correspond to the proportion of the genome derived from each host race. The strength of the ovipuncture preference for S. gigantea by gigantea females, the females of both reciprocal F1 hybrids, the backcross to gigantea, and F2s indicates that preference is inherited nonadditively at a limited number of loci. The F1 female hybrids, however, had a weaker host preference for S. gigantea than the pure gigantea host race, indicating that there may be incomplete dominance or modifier loci. Males had different host preference patterns than females, with individual male gigantea and male F1 hybrids usually exhibiting preference exclusively for S. gigantea or S. altissima. One hypothesis explaining the difference in host preference between males and females is that the same gene influences both female and male host preference, but it is a sex-influenced gene. Thus, males carrying the gene for S. gigantea preference have an intermediate host preference, whereas females have a strong host preference to S. gigantea. In summary, we found that the host preference that produces host-associated mating is inherited nonadditively at a relatively small number of loci on autosomal genes. This mode of inheritance meets the assumptions of models of sympatric speciation, indicating that the host races could have evolved in sympatry.
TL;DR: One of the most influential background factors associated with higher treatment readiness was patient relationships with family and friends, and interventions that focus on treatment readiness appear to be appropriate strategies for improving treatment engagement.
Abstract: Based on the importance of during-treatment activities for improving outcomes, relationships between patient background, treatment readiness, and therapeutic engagement were examined in a national sample of adolescents admitted to 20 treatment programs representing three modalities. Patients with higher readiness for treatment at intake subsequently became more therapeutically involved, replicating previous findings on relationships between motivation and engagement in adult samples. One of the most influential background factors associated with higher treatment readiness was patient relationships with family and friends. Interventions that focus on treatment readiness appear to be appropriate strategies for improving treatment engagement.
Texas Christian University1, University of Virginia2, University of North Texas3, Raytheon4, Tufts University5, Space Telescope Science Institute6, Goddard Space Flight Center7, National Radio Astronomy Observatory8, California State University, Fullerton9, Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy10, California State University, Long Beach11, Computer Sciences Corporation12, Carnegie Learning13, California Institute of Technology14, San Diego State University15
TL;DR: In this article, a wide-field, imagery and photometry of 43 selected nearby galaxies of all morphology types at ultraviolet and optical wavelengths was presented, and the atlas consists of multiband images together with plots of UV/optical radial surface brightnesses, colors and other associated photometric parameters such as half-light radii.
Abstract: We present wide-field, imagery and photometry of 43 selected nearby galaxies of all morphology types at ultraviolet and optical wavelengths. The ultraviolet images, in two broad bands at 1500 Angstroms and 2500 Angstroms, were obtained by the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UIT) during the Astro-1 Spacelab mission. The UV images have approx. 3" resolution, and the comparison sets of ground-based, CCD images (in one or more of B, V, R, and H alpha ) have pixel scales and fields of view closely matching the UV frames. The atlas consists of multiband images together with plots of UV/optical radial surface brightnesses, colors and other associated photometric parameters such as half-light radii. In an appendix, we discuss the sensitivity of different wavebands to a galaxy's star formation history in the form of "history weighting functions" and the importance of UV observations as probes of evolution during the past 10-1000 Myr. We find that UV galaxy morphologies are usually significantly different from visible band morphologies as a consequence of spatially inhomogeneous stellar populations. Differences are quite pronounced for systems in the middle range of Hubble types, Sa through Sc, but less so for ellipticals or late-type disks. Normal ellipticals and large spiral bulges are fainter and more compact in the UV. They typically exhibit smooth and unresolved far-UV profiles with, however, far-UV/optical color gradients which are larger than any at optical/IR wavelengths. The far-UV light in these cases is probably produced by extreme horizontal branch stars and their descendants in the dominant, low-mass, metal-rich population.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that the weighting of analysts' annual earnings forecasts implicit in security prices is lower than the historical relation between financial analysts' forecasts and realized earnings, which is consistent with the premise that low financial analyst coverage is associated with a variety of factors that impede the information efficiency of the security market.
Abstract: This paper documents that the weighting of analysts' annual earnings forecasts implicit in security prices is lower than the historical relation between financial analysts' forecasts and realized earnings. Short positions in securities in the bottom decile and long positions in the top decile of the cross-sectional distribution of analysts' early-in-the-year earnings forecasts generate significant hedge-portfolio returns in the year after portfolio formation. This delayed price response is more pronounced for firms with relatively low analyst coverage, consistent with the premise that low financial analyst coverage is associated with a variety of factors that impede the information efficiency of the security market. The hedge-portfolio returns concentrate in the months of subsequent quarterly earnings announcements, suggesting that the delayed security price adjustments reflect the market's failure to incorporate information in analysts' forecasts about future earnings, rather than deficiencies in our conditional expectations of security returns.
TL;DR: Li et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the relative and incremental information content of earnings, operating cash flows, and accruals in the emerging capital market of China and showed that earnings have greater persistence and predictability than operating cash flow.
TL;DR: This paper examined the validity of these arguments and showed that comparisons based on comparisons between CEO pay and the pay of other individuals or jobs are insufficient mechanisms to determine the appropriateness of CEO compensation.
Abstract: The eighties and nineties have seen much debate about CEO compensation. Critics of CEO compensation support their contention of excessive and inequitable CEO pay based on a number of factors and premises. This paper examines the validity of these arguments. We show why many of these arguments fail to persuade, in part, because they attempt to determine propriety of CEO pay without having a definitive standard for comparison. Arguments based on comparisons between CEO pay and the pay of other individuals or jobs or between CEO pay and firm performance are shown to be an insufficient mechanism to determine the appropriateness of CEO compensation.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the forward displacement of targets in launching effect displays and found that the displacement patterns were consistent with naive impetus theory and the hypothesis that observers believed impetus from the launcher was imparted to the target and then dissipated.
Abstract: In A. Michotte's (1946/1963) launching effect, a moving launcher contacts a stationary target, and then the launcher becomes stationary and the target begins to move. In this experiment, observers viewed modifications of a launching effect display, and displacement in memory for the location of targets was measured. Forward displacement of targets in launching effect displays was decreased relative to that of targets (a) that were presented in isolation and either moved at a constant fast or slow velocity or decelerated or (b) that moved in a direction orthogonal to previous motion of the launcher. Possible explanations involving a deceleration of motion or landmark attraction effects were ruled out. Displacement patterns were consistent with naive impetus theory and the hypothesis that observers believed impetus from the launcher was imparted to the target and then dissipated.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the pivotal role of the field sales manager compared to prior research at the salesperson and chief sales executive levels, and confirm the robustness of the behaviour-based control in these international contexts, and also contribute new insights to the general sales management control research literature.
Abstract: The effective management of sales organizations is important to managers of international marketing operations spanning multiple countries, but also to managers of local operations who may question the validity of many of the prescriptions of US‐based research. Studies sales management control in companies in Austria and the UK to contribute a European perspective on behaviour‐based control compared to outcome‐based control. Focuses on the pivotal role of the field sales manager compared to prior research at the salesperson and chief sales executive levels. Confirms the robustness of the behaviour‐based control in these international contexts, and also contributes a number of new insights to the general sales management control research literature. Identifies a number of important research directions in this important area, as well as implications for managers of international selling organizations.