Showing papers in "Current Opinion in Pharmacology in 2013"

TL;DR: This work explores how crosstalk between the ligands produced by the gut microbiota (short chain fatty acids, or SCFAs), orproduced by the host but influenced by gut microbes (endocannabinoids and bile acids), impact host physiology.

TL;DR: This review will consider the evidence for the presence of oxidative stress in glaucoma; the mechanisms by which oxidative stress may contribute to disease pathogenesis; and also consider therapeutic approaches that target oxidative stress as a means of protecting against optic nerve degeneration.

TL;DR: Stereochemistries of key SPM are established and several groups reported organic synthesis, supporting the concept that return of acute inflammation involves active biosynthesis and SPM signaling toward homeostasis.

TL;DR: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, AT1 receptor blockers, statins, nebivolol and resveratrol have been shown to reverse eNOS uncoupling and to stimulate eN OS activity concurrently, which contribute significantly to atherogenesis.

TL;DR: This data indicates that normal autoregulation and neurovascular coupling may lead to ganglion cell death in glaucoma, and reduced OPP may enhance both primary and secondary insults.

TL;DR: Photodynamic therapy is the combination of non-toxic photosensitizing dyes with harmless visible light that together produce abundant destructive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and has good specificity for binding to microbial cells while sparing host mammalian cells and can be used for treating many localized infections.

TL;DR: The plasma membrane transporter SLC5A8 and the cell-surface receptors GPR109A and GPR43 are identified as essential for the biologic effects of short-chain fatty acids in colon.

TL;DR: Advances in next generation technologies are rapidly increasing the understanding of the sheer diversity of myeloid differentiation and phenotypic regulation, and the promising results from elegant pre-clinical studies at first translate into the clinic and use combination therapies with myeloids inhibitors and standard chemotherapy.

TL;DR: OBF regulation can be improved by magnesium, calcium channel blockers as well as with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and a common cause for a disturbed OBF autoregulation is a primary vascular dysregulation frequently observed in normal tension glaucoma patients.

TL;DR: The role for HIF in the regulation of the immune response and its possible contribution to inflammation is considered and potential therapeutic strategies, which target the HIF pathway in chronic inflammatory and infectious disease are considered.

TL;DR: A better understanding of fungal biofilms provides for new opportunities for the development of urgently needed novel antifungal agents and strategies.

TL;DR: A review of potential iron-acquisition system targets and recent research on gallium-based anti-infectives shows broad activity against many Gram negative bacteria at ∼1-5μg/ml MICs, strong biofilm activity, low drug resistance, and efficacy in vivo.

TL;DR: Small molecule interference with bacterial communication and signaling pathways, including quorum sensing and two-component signal transduction systems are focused on, focusing firstly on enzymatic approaches to the degradation of extracellular matrix components to effect biofilm dispersal.

TL;DR: The crosstalk between structural cells, innate and adaptive immune cells that is mediated by cytokines provides important mechanistic insights into how asthma develops and perpetuates itself and could provide the framework on which to select new therapeutic strategies that prevent exacerbations and alter the natural course of the disease.

TL;DR: The surprisingly broad co-expression of six functionally related hormones in the intestinal enteroendocrine cells indicates that it should be possible to control not only the hormone secretion but also the type and number of entero endocrine cells.

TL;DR: This review focuses on the new approaches and concepts that are being developed to tackle challenging targets: the use of fragment based methods to explore the chemical space, stapled peptides to regulate intracellular PPI, alternatives to competitive inhibition and theUse of antibodies to enable small molecule discovery for these targets.

TL;DR: In this article, fMRI brain imaging of vagal afferent responses to CCK and ghrelin is shown to be feasible, informative and provides opportunities for future progress in human studies of gut-brain signalling.

TL;DR: Improved understanding of the mechanisms by which fibroblasts mediate persistence and the discovery of new markers that identify discrete functional subsets of fibroblast cells that have potential as disease-specific therapeutic targets are enabling the development of therapies for rheumatoid arthritis.

TL;DR: Evidence from mouse models of disease has shown increasing complexity and subtlety to the mononuclear phagocytic system, and new studies show that in addition to monocytes, the resident populations of monon nuclear phagocytes expand in disease states and play distinct but important roles in the immune response.

TL;DR: There are no data to indicate that decreased secretion of the hormones is involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and/or diabetes, but impaired secretion generally observed in obesity (and hence also in diabetes) may contribute to the development.

TL;DR: This article highlights several key developments in these microscale platforms for drug discovery applications that lead to the creation of organ functions on a single chip that can be utilized for developing disease models and for conducting drug testing studies.

TL;DR: In this review recent data on novel molecular targets and their future prospects are discussed.

TL;DR: The current understanding of the cell types that are altered in IPF and the pathogenic mechanisms that have been identified are summarized and attractive biologic targets and therapies in development are highlighted with recommendations for future therapeutic avenues.

TL;DR: Cohort studies suggest that women with oophorectomy are at greater risk for CHD than intact women, pointing to a greater risk from testosterone deficiency than from estradiol levels, and major early reports from both types of studies are included.

TL;DR: The latest findings on the impact of oestrogen upon various cellular components of the immune system are discussed, and how this hormone can offer new opportunities to pharmacologically harness the immune response is discussed.

TL;DR: The focus of this review is on the pharmaceutical relevance of the intestinal peptide transporter PepT1 and the progress made in the field over the past two years.

TL;DR: Recent advances in knowledge of the molecular mechanisms by which chondrocytes sense and respond to changes in their mechanical environment provide a choice of strategies for treating OA.

TL;DR: The present literature survey of the last 2 years does not profoundly change the recommendations given in recent reviews: the teratogenic drugs cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, and biologics without or with few pregnancy data must be withdrawn before a planned pregnancy.

TL;DR: Identification of the cellular and molecular components of immune response pathways can provide immunomodulatory treatment strategies to attenuate neuroinflammation, protect neural tissue from collateral injury, and enhance endogenous recovery processes.

TL;DR: These third generation β-blockers show distinct advantages resulting from their NO-dependent effects (vasodilatation, anti-proliferation and cardioprotection), which may translate into a more effective clinical outcome than that obtained with the conventional β- blockers.