Showing papers in "Journal of The American Society of Echocardiography in 2015"

Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging.

Abstract: The rapid technological developments of the past decade and the changes in echocardiographic practice brought about by these developments have resulted in the need for updated recommendations to the previously published guidelines for cardiac chamber quantification, which was the goal of the joint writing group assembled by the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. This document provides updated normal values for all four cardiac chambers, including three-dimensional echocardiography and myocardial deformation, when possible, on the basis of considerably larger numbers of normal subjects, compiled from multiple databases. In addition, this document attempts to eliminate several minor discrepancies that existed between previously published guidelines.

Definitions for a common standard for 2D speckle tracking echocardiography: consensus document of the EACVI/ASE/Industry Task Force to standardize deformation imaging

Abstract: Recognizing the critical need for standardization in strain imaging, in 2010, the European Association of Echocardiography (now the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging, EACVI) and the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) invited technical representatives from all interested vendors to participate in a concerted effort to reduce intervendor variability of strain measurement. As an initial product of the work of the EACVI/ASE/Industry initiative to standardize deformation imaging, we prepared this technical document which is intended to provide definitions, names, abbreviations, formulas, and procedures for calculation of physical quantities derived from speckle tracking echocardiography and thus create a common standard.

Head-to-Head Comparison of Global Longitudinal Strain Measurements among Nine Different Vendors: The EACVI/ASE Inter-Vendor Comparison Study.

Abstract: Background This study was planned by the EACVI/ASE/Industry Task Force to Standardize Deformation Imaging to (1) test the variability of speckle-tracking global longitudinal strain (GLS) measurements among different vendors and (2) compare GLS measurement variability with conventional echocardiographic parameters. Methods Sixty-two volunteers were studied using ultrasound systems from seven manufacturers. Each volunteer was examined by the same sonographer on all machines. Inter- and intraobserver variability was determined in a true test-retest setting. Conventional echocardiographic parameters were acquired for comparison. Using the software packages of the respective manufacturer and of two software-only vendors, endocardial GLS was measured because it was the only GLS parameter that could be provided by all manufactures. We compared GLS AV (the average from the three apical views) and GLS 4CH (measured in the four-chamber view) measurements among vendors and with the conventional echocardiographic parameters. Results Absolute values of GLS AV ranged from 18.0% to 21.5%, while GLS 4CH ranged from 17.9% to 21.4%. The absolute difference between vendors for GLS AV was up to 3.7% strain units ( P AV and 6.2% to 11.0% for GLS 4CH , while the intraobserver relative mean errors were 4.9% to 7.3% and 7.2% to 11.3%, respectively. These errors were lower than for left ventricular ejection fraction and most other conventional echocardiographic parameters. Conclusion Reproducibility of GLS measurements was good and in many cases superior to conventional echocardiographic measurements. The small but statistically significant variation among vendors should be considered in performing serial studies and reflects a reference point for ongoing standardization efforts.

Multimodality imaging of diseases of the thoracic aorta in adults: From the American society of echocardiography and the european association of cardiovascular imaging: Endorsed by the society of cardiovascular computed tomography and society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance

Abstract: Steven A. Goldstein, MD, Co-Chair, Arturo Evangelista, MD, FESC, Co-Chair, Suhny Abbara, MD, Andrew Arai, MD, Federico M. Asch, MD, FASE, Luigi P. Badano, MD, PhD, FESC, Michael A. Bolen, MD, Heidi M. Connolly, MD, Hug Cu ellar-Cal abria, MD, Martin Czerny, MD, Richard B. Devereux, MD, Raimund A. Erbel, MD, FASE, FESC, Rossella Fattori, MD, Eric M. Isselbacher, MD, Joseph M. Lindsay, MD, Marti McCulloch, MBA, RDCS, FASE, Hector I. Michelena, MD, FASE, Christoph A. Nienaber, MD, FESC, Jae K. Oh, MD, FASE, Mauro Pepi, MD, FESC, Allen J. Taylor, MD, Jonathan W. Weinsaft, MD, Jose Luis Zamorano, MD, FESC, FASE, Contributing Editors: Harry Dietz, MD, Kim Eagle, MD, John Elefteriades, MD, Guillaume Jondeau, MD, PhD, FESC, Herv e Rousseau, MD, PhD, and Marc Schepens, MD, Washington, District of Columbia; Barcelona and Madrid, Spain; Dallas and Houston, Texas; Bethesda and Baltimore, Maryland; Padua, Pesaro, and Milan, Italy; Cleveland, Ohio; Rochester, Minnesota; Zurich, Switzerland; New York, New York; Essen and Rostock, Germany; Boston, Massachusetts; Ann Arbor, Michigan; New Haven, Connecticut; Paris and Toulouse, France; and Brugge, Belgium

Recommendations on the Use of Echocardiography in Adult Hypertension: A Report from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) and the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE)†

Abstract: Hypertension remains a major contributor to the global burden of disease. The measurement of blood pressure continues to have pitfalls related to both physiological aspects and acute variation. As the left ventricle (LV) remains one of the main target organs of hypertension, and echocardiographic measures of structure and function carry prognostic information in this setting, the development of a consensus position on the use of echocardiography in this setting is important. Recent developments in the assessment of LV hypertrophy and LV systolic and diastolic function have prompted the preparation of this document. The focus of this work is on the cardiovascular responses to hypertension rather than the diagnosis of secondary hypertension. Sections address the pathophysiology of the cardiac and vascular responses to hypertension, measurement of LV mass, geometry, and function, as well as effects of treatment.

Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of Atrial Septal Defect and Patent Foramen Ovale: From the American Society of Echocardiography and Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions

Abstract: Target Audience 911 Objectives 91

Guidelines for the Use of Echocardiography as a Monitor for Therapeutic Intervention in Adults: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography

Abstract: General Considerations 40 Scope of Work 41 I. Echocardiographic Hemodynamic Monitoring Tools 41 Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Monitoring Parameters 42 LV Chamber Dimensions 42 Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Size and Collapsibility 43 Doppler Monitoring Parameters 43 Mitral Inflow 43 TDI 43 Calculated Monitoring Parameters 44 SV, Cardiac Output (CO), and SVR Calculations 44 RV Systolic Function 44 PA Systolic Pressure 45 II. Advantages, Disadvantages, and Recommendations of Echocardiography as a Monitoring Tool 45 III. Clinical Scenarios 45 Acute CHF Monitoring 45 Critical Care Monitoring 47 Pericardial Tamponade Monitoring 48 Pulmonary Embolism Therapy Monitoring 48 Prosthetic Valve Thrombosis Monitoring 48 Echocardiographic Monitoring in Trauma 48 IV. Perioperative Medicine 49 Echocardiographic Monitoring During Liver, Kidney, and Lung Transplantation 49

Echocardiography in the Management of Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices: Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography

Abstract: Raymond F. Stainback, MD, FASE, Chair, Jerry D. Estep, MD, FASE, Co-Chair, Deborah A. Agler, RCT, RDCS, FASE, Emma J. Birks, MD, PhD, Merri Bremer, RN, RDCS, EdD, FASE, Judy Hung, MD, FASE, James N. Kirkpatrick, MD, FASE, Joseph G. Rogers, MD, and Nishant R. Shah, MD, MSc, Houston, Texas; Cleveland, Ohio; Louisville, Kentucky; Rochester, Minnesota; Boston, Massachusetts; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Durham, North Carolina

Three-dimensional printing of intracardiac defects from three-dimensional echocardiographic images: feasibility and relative accuracy.

Abstract: Background With the advent of three-dimensional (3D) printers and high-resolution cardiac imaging, rapid prototype constructions of congenital cardiac defects are now possible. Typically, source images for these models derive from higher resolution, cross-sectional cardiac imaging, such as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography. These imaging methods may involve intravenous contrast, sedation, and ionizing radiation. New echocardiographic transducers and advanced software and hardware have optimized 3D echocardiographic images for this purpose. Thus, the objectives of this study were to confirm the feasibility of creating cardiac models from 3D echocardiographic data and to assess accuracy by comparing 3D model measurements with conventional two-dimensional (2D) echocardiographic measurements of cardiac defects. Methods Nine patients undergoing 3D echocardiography were identified (eight with ventricular septal defects, one with three periprosthetic aortic valve leaks). Raw echocardiographic image data were exported anonymously and converted to Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine format. The image data were filtered for noise reduction, imported into segmentation software to create a 3D digital model, and printed. Measurements of the defects from the 3D model were compared with defect measurements from conventional 2D echocardiographic data. Meticulous care was taken to ensure identical measurement planes. Results Long- and short-axis measurements of eight ventricular septal defects and three perivalvar leaks were obtained. Mean ± SD values for the 3D model measurements and conventional 2D echocardiographic measurements were 7.5 ± 6.3 and 7.1 ± 6.2 mm respectively ( P = .20), indicating no significant differences between the standard 2D and 3D model measurements. The two groups were highly correlated, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.988. The mean absolute error (2D − 3D) for each measurement was 0.4 ± 0.9 mm, indicating accuracy of the 3D model of Conclusions Three-dimensional printed models of echocardiographic data are technically feasible and may accurately reflect ventricular septal defect anatomy. Three-dimensional models derived from 3D echocardiographic data sets represent a new tool in procedural planning for children with congenital heart disease.

Intervendor variability of two-dimensional strain using vendor-specific and vendor-independent software.

Abstract: Background Although two-dimensional (2D) strain is widely used to assess left ventricular mechanics, the strain values derived from vendor-specific 2D speckle-tracking software are different even for the same subjects and are therefore not interchangeable. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that vendor-independent software would produce lower intervendor variability between 2D strain measurements and overcome this limitation. Methods Two sets of three apical images were acquired using two of three types of ultrasound machines (GE, Philips, and Toshiba) in 81 healthy volunteers (GE vs Philips in 26 subjects, Philips vs Toshiba in 31 subjects, and GE vs Toshiba in 24 subjects). Two-dimensional global longitudinal strain (GLS) was measured using vendor-specific software and two vendor-independent software packages (TomTec and Epsilon) in each set of apical images, and GLS values were directly compared with one another. Results The upgrades of vendor-specific software yielded different values of GLS compared with the previous versions of the software. The correlations between the GLS values determined using vendor-specific software exhibited a wide range of r values ( r = 0.23, r = 0.42, and r = 0.72), with significant bias, with the exception of one comparison. The vendor-independent software provided modest degrees of correlation (TomTec: r = 0.65, r = 0.65, and r = 0.77; Epsilon: r = 0.65, r = 0.74, and r = 0.77), with limits of agreement (range, ±3% to ±4.5%) that were not negligible. Conclusions Although the vendor-independent 2D strain software provided moderate correlations between the GLS values of the ultrasound images obtained from the same subjects using different vendors, relatively large limits of agreement remain a relevant problem. These results suggest that the same ultrasound machine and the same 2D speckle-tracking software should be used for longitudinal analysis of strain values in the same subjects and for cross-sectional studies.

Global Longitudinal Strain and Global Circumferential Strain by Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography and Feature-Tracking Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Comparison with Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction

Abstract: Background Left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) is a routine clinical standard to assess cardiac function. Global longitudinal strain (GLS) and global circumferential strain (GCS) have emerged as important LV functional measures. The objective of this study was to determine the relationships of GLS and GCS by speckle-tracking echocardiography and featuring-tracking cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) to CMR EF as a standard of reference in the same patients. Methods A total of 73 consecutive patients aged 55 ± 15 years clinically referred for both CMR and echocardiography (EF range, 8%–78%) were studied. Routine steady-state free precession CMR images were prospectively analyzed offline using feature-tracking software for LV GLS, GCS, volumes, and EF. GLS was averaged from three standard longitudinal views and GCS from the mid-LV short-axis plane. Echocardiographic speckle-tracking was used from the similar imaging planes for GLS, GCS, LV volumes, and EF. Results Feature-tracking CMR strain was closely correlated with speckle-tracking strain in the same patients: GLS, r = −0.87; GCS, r = −0.92 ( P r = 0.97, r = 0.98, and r = 0.97, P r = −0.85 and r = −0.95, respectively ( P Conclusions GLS and GCS by feature-tracking CMR analysis was a rapid means to obtain myocardial strain similar to speckle-tracking echocardiography. GLS and GCS were closely correlated with CMR EF in this patient series and may play a role in the clinical assessment of LV function.

Improvement in Strain Concordance between Two Major Vendors after the Strain Standardization Initiative.

Abstract: Background Disagreement of strain measurements among different vendors has provided an obstacle to the clinical use of strain. A joint standardization task force between professional societies and industry was initiated to reduce intervendor variability of strain. Although feedback from this process has been used in software upgrades, little is known about the effects of efforts to improve conformity. The aim of this study was to assess whether intervendor agreement for global longitudinal strain (GLS) has improved after standardization initiatives. Methods Eighty-two subjects (mean age, 52 ± 21 years; 55% men) prospectively underwent two sequential examinations using two most common ultrasound systems (Vivid E9 and iE33). GLS was calculated using proprietary software (EchoPAC-PC BT12 [E12] and BT13 [E13] vs QLAB version 8.0 [Q8], QLAB version 9.0 [Q9], and QLAB version 10.0 [Q10]). Agreements in GLS were evaluated with Bland-Altman plots. Coefficients of variation (CVs) were compared using the Friedman test and compared with CVs of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction (LVEF). Results Median GLS using E12 was −19.2% (interquartile range [IQR], −15.2% to −23.2%), compared with −19.3% (IQR, −14.9% to −23.7%) for E13, −15.7% (IQR, −11.4% to −20%) for Q8, −19% (IQR, −15.7% to −22.3%) for Q9, and −18.7% (IQR, −15.7% to −21.7%) for Q10. The CVs of prestandardization GLS (12 ± 8% [E12/Q8] and 14 ± 8 [E13/Q8]) were significantly larger than that of LVEF (5 ± 5) ( P Conclusions Subsequent to the joint standardization task force, there has been improvement in between-vendor concordance in GLS between two leading ultrasound manufactures, the variability of which is now analogous to that of LVEF. The removal of concerns about measurement variability should allow wider use of GLS.

Novel Approach to Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Quantification of Right Ventricular Volumes and Function from Focused Views

Abstract: Background Echocardiographic assessment of the right ventricle is difficult because of its complex shape. Three-dimensional echocardiographic (3DE) imaging allows more accurate and reproducible analysis of the right ventricle than two-dimensional methodology. However, three-dimensional volumetric analysis has been hampered by difficulties obtaining consistently high-quality coronal views, required by the existing software packages. The aim of this study was to test a new approach for volumetric analysis without coronal views by using instead right ventricle–focused three-dimensional acquisition with multiple short-axis views extracted from the same data set. Methods Transthoracic 3DE and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) images were prospectively obtained on the same day in 147 patients with wide ranges of right ventricular (RV) size and function. RV volumes and ejection fraction were measured from 3DE images using the new software and compared with CMR reference values. Comparisons included linear regression and Bland-Altman analyses. Repeated measurements were performed to assess measurement variability. Results Sixteen patients were excluded because of suboptimal image quality (89% feasibility). RV volumes and ejection fraction obtained with the new 3DE technique were in good agreement with CMR (end-diastolic volume, r = 0.95; end-systolic volume, r = 0.96; ejection fraction, r = 0.83). Biases were, respectively, −6 ± 11%, 0 ± 15%, and −7 ± 17% of the mean measured values. In a subset of patients with suboptimal 3DE images, the new analysis resulted in significantly improved accuracy against CMR and reproducibility, compared with previously used coronal view–based techniques. The time required for the 3DE analysis was approximately 4 min. Conclusions The new software is fast, reproducible, and accurate compared with CMR over a wide range of RV size and function. Because right ventricle–focused 3DE acquisition is feasible in most patients, this approach may be applicable to a broader population of patients who can benefit from RV volumetric assessment.

Right Ventricular Function in Preterm and Term Neonates: Reference Values for Right Ventricle Areas and Fractional Area of Change

Abstract: Background Right ventricular (RV) fractional area of change (FAC) is a quantitative two-dimensional echocardiographic measurement of RV function. RV FAC expresses the percentage change in the RV chamber area between end-diastole (RV end-diastolic area [RVEDA]) to end-systole (RV end-systolic area [RVESA]). The objectives of this study were to determine the maturational (age- and weight-related) changes in RV FAC and RV areas and to establish reference values in healthy preterm and term neonates. Methods A prospective longitudinal study was conducted in 115 preterm infants (23–28 weeks' gestational age at birth, 500–1,500 g). RV FAC was measured at 24 hours of age, 72 hours of age, and 32 and 36 weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA). The maturational patterns of RVEDA, RVESA, and RV FAC were compared with those in 60 healthy full-term infants in a cross-sectional study (≥37 weeks, 3.5 ± 1 kg), who underwent echocardiography at birth ( n = 25) and 1 month of age ( n = 35). RVEDA and RVESA were traced in the RV-focused apical four-chamber view, and FAC was calculated using the formula 100 × [(RVEDA − RVESA)/RVEDA)]. Premature infants who developed chronic lung disease or had clinically and hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus were excluded ( n = 55) from the reference values. Intra- and interobserver reproducibility analysis was performed. Results RV FAC ranged from 26% at birth to 35% by 36 weeks' PMA in preterm infants ( n = 60) and increased almost 2 times faster in the first month of age compared with healthy term infants ( n = 60). Similarly, RVEDA and RVESA increased throughout maturation in both term and preterm infants. RV FAC and RV areas were correlated with weight ( r = 0.81, P r = 0.3, P = .45). RVEDA and RVESA were correlated with PMA in weeks ( r = 0.81, P P = .04) but was not correlated with size of patent ductus arteriosus ( P = .56). There was no difference in RV FAC based on gender or need for mechanical ventilation. Conclusions This study establishes reference values of RV areas (RVEDA and RVESA) and RV FAC in healthy term and preterm infants and tracks their maturational changes during postnatal development. These measures increase from birth to 36 weeks' PMA, and this is reflective of the postnatal cardiac growth as a contributor to the maturation of cardiac function These measures are also linearly associated with increasing weight throughout maturation. This study suggests that two-dimensional RV FAC can be used as a complementary modality to assess global RV systolic function in neonates and facilitates its incorporation into clinical pediatric and neonatal guidelines.

Patterns of left ventricular longitudinal strain and strain rate in Olympic athletes.

Abstract: Background Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography is an emerging modality for the assessment of systolic and diastolic myocardial deformation in a broad variety of clinical scenarios. However, normal values and physiologic limits of left ventricular strain and strain rate in trained athletes are largely undefined. Methods Two hundred consecutive Olympic athletes (grouped into skill, power, mixed, and endurance disciplines) and 50 untrained controls were evaluated by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. Left ventricular global systolic longitudinal strain (GLS), systolic strain rate, early diastolic strain rate (SRE) and late diastolic strain rate (SRA) were calculated. Results GLS was normal, although mildly lower, in athletes compared with controls (−18.1 ± 2.2% vs −19.4 ± 2.3%, P −1 , P −1 , P −1 , P = .277), while SRA was lower in athletes (0.67 ± 0.25 vs 0.81 ± 0.20 sec −1 , P −1 , P −1 , P −1 ; for SRE, 1.00 and 2.00 sec −1 ; and for SRA, 0.30 and 1.20 sec −1 . Conclusion The present study shows that highly trained athletes have normal GLS and strain rate parameters of the left ventricle, despite mild differences compared with untrained controls. These data may be implemented as reference values for the clinical assessment of the athletes and to support the diagnosis of physiologic cardiac adaptations in borderline cases.

Echocardiographic prediction of pre- versus postcapillary pulmonary hypertension.

Abstract: Background The differential diagnosis between pre- and postcapillary pulmonary hypertension (PH) is of major therapeutic relevance and thus requires optimal clinical probability assessment with echocardiography. Methods We prospectively analyzed 152 consecutive patients referred to a PH center over a 1-year period undergoing quasi-simultaneous (within 1 hour) echocardiography and right heart catheterization. Echocardiography was performed as usually recommended for the assessment of PH and left heart conditions. PH was defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥ 25 mm Hg. Postcapillary PH was diagnosed on the basis of a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure >15 mm Hg. Results Ten of 152 patients (7%) had no PH, 81 of 152 (53%) had precapillary PH, and 61 of 152 (40%) had postcapillary PH. The following five echocardiographic variables were found to predict precapillary PH: right heart chamber larger than the left ( P = .0018), left ventricular eccentricity index > 1.2 ( P = .0039), dilated inferior vena cava without inspiratory collapse ( P = .0076), E/e′ ratio ≤10 ( P = .00001), and the right ventricle forming the heart apex ( P = .0144). Beta coefficients from multiple logistic regression were significant for dilated inferior vena cava without inspiratory collapse ( P = .0464) and E/e′ ratio ≤ 10 ( P = .0002). The score based on β coefficients, ranging from 3 to 34 points, resulted in optimal discrimination at >5, with a positive predictive value of 67.9% and a negative predictive value of 77.5% for precapillary PH. Conclusion Echocardiography enables a clinically satisfactory differential diagnosis between pre- and postcapillary PH.

Usefulness of Two-Dimensional Strain Parameters to Diagnose Acute Rejection after Heart Transplantation

Abstract: Background Acute cellular rejection (ACR) is still a relevant complication after orthotopic heart transplantation. The diagnosis of ACR is based on endomyocardial biopsy (EMB). Recent advances in two-dimensional strain imaging may allow early noninvasive detection of ACR. The objective of this study was to analyze the usefulness of conventional and new echocardiographic parameters to exclude ACR after orthotopic heart transplantation. Methods Thirty-four consecutive adult heart transplant recipients admitted to a single center between January 2010 and December 2012 for orthotopic heart transplantation were prospectively included. A total of 235 pairs of EMB and echocardiographic examination were performed. A median of seven studies per patient (interquartile range, six to eight studies per patient) were performed during the first year of follow-up. Classic echocardiographic parameters; speckle-tracking-derived left ventricular (LV) longitudinal, radial, and circumferential strain; and global and free wall right ventricular (RV) longitudinal strain were analyzed. Results ACR was detected in 26.4% of EMB samples ( n = 62); 5.1% ( n = 12) required specific treatment (ACR degree ≥ 2R). Lower absolute values of global LV longitudinal strain and free wall RV longitudinal strain were present in patients with ACR degree ≥ 2R compared with those without ACR (13.7 ± 2.7% vs 17.8 ± 3.4% and 16.6 ± 3.6% vs 23.3 ± 5.2%, respectively). An average LV longitudinal strain Conclusions The combination of two new echocardiographic measures, global LV and RV free wall longitudinal strain, may be able to identify a group of heart transplant patients who are unlikely to have ACR. If these findings are confirmed independently, it may be possible to use LV and RV strain measures as reliable tools to exclude ACR and to reduce the burden of repeated EMB.

Echocardiography and Three-Dimensional Printing: Sound Ideas to Touch a Heart

Abstract: Thetechnologyofthree-dimensional(3D)printing,alsoreferredtoas ‘‘rapid prototyping,’’ ‘‘additive manufacturing,’’ and ‘‘stereolithogra-phy,’’ refers to the process of converting a 3D computerized modelinto an actual physical object. This technology became a reality in1986 as a result of the innovative thinking of inventor Charles Hull(USpatentno.4575330).Currentlythe‘‘entry-level’’3Dprintingma-chines on the market can lay down layers of material (plastic, metal,etc) onto a platform until a 3D model is complete. More advancedalgorithms can use alaser as the powersource tobind powdered ma-terials, ranging from nylon to steel, to create a solid structure. Inkjettechnology has also revolutionized 3D printing; materials are jettedthrough print heads while being cured by an ultraviolet light into a3D object. Three-dimensional printing has been successfully used inmedicine to make prosthetic limbs, custom hearing aids, and dentalfixtures

Right Ventricular Echocardiographic Parameters Are Associated with Mortality after Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Abstract: Background There is limited information on the utility of certain echocardiographic measurements, such as right ventricular (RV) strain analysis, in predicting mortality in patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Methods A total of 211 patients with acute PE admitted to a medical intensive care unit (ICU) were retrospectively identified. Echocardiographic variables were prospectively measured in this cohort. The focus was on ICU, hospital, and long-term mortality. Results The mean age was 61 ± 15 years. Median Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV and simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index scores were 60 (interquartile range, 40–71) and 2 (interquartile range, 1–2), respectively. Thirty-eight patients (18%) died during the sentinel hospitalization (13% died in the ICU). A total of 61 patients (28.9%) died during a median follow-up period of 15 months (interquartile range, 5–26 months). The echocardiographic variables associated with long-term mortality (from PE diagnosis) were ratio of RV to left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (hazard ratio [HR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–4.8), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.31–0.92), and RV–right atrial gradient (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01–1.4). ICU mortality was associated with ratio of RV to LV end-diastolic diameter (HR, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.3–15), RV systolic pressure (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01–1.05), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (HR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.18–0.9), and inferior vena cava collapsibility Conclusions Four simple parameters that measure different aspects of the right ventricle (ratio of RV to left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, RV systolic pressure, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, and inferior vena cava collapsibility) were independently associated with mortality in patients presenting with acute PE who were admitted to the ICU.

Standard and advanced echocardiography in takotsubo (stress) cardiomyopathy: Clinical and prognostic implications

Abstract: Echocardiography is frequently the initial noninvasive imaging modality used to assess patients with takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC). Standard transthoracic echocardiography can provide, even in the acute care setting, useful information about left ventricular (LV) morphology as well as regional and global systolic or diastolic function. It allows the differentiation of different LV morphologic patterns according to the localization of wall motion abnormalities. A "circumferential pattern" of LV myocardial dysfunction characterized by symmetric wall motion abnormalities involving the midventricular segments of the anterior, inferior, and lateral walls should be considered suggestive of TTC and included in the differential diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes. Moreover, advanced echocardiographic techniques, including speckle-tracking, myocardial contrast, and coronary flow studies, are providing mechanistic and pathophysiologic insights into this unique syndrome. Early identification of any potential complications (i.e., LV outflow tract obstruction, reversible moderate to severe mitral regurgitation, right ventricular involvement, thrombus formation, and cardiac rupture) are crucial for the management, risk stratification, and follow-up of patients with TTC. Because of the dynamic evolution of the syndrome, comprehensive serial echocardiographic examinations should be systematically performed. This review focuses on these aspects of imaging and the increasing understanding of the clinical and prognostic utility of echocardiography in TTC.

Patterns of left ventricular diastolic function in Olympic athletes.

Abstract: Background Whether morphologic left ventricular (LV) changes in elite athletes are associated with altered diastolic properties is undefined. The aim of this study was to investigate LV diastolic properties in a large population of Olympic athletes compared to untrained controls. Methods A total of 1,145 Olympic athletes (61% men), and 154 controls, free of cardiovascular disease, underwent two-dimensional echocardiography, Doppler echocardiography, and Doppler tissue imaging. Results Athletes had similar E velocities (87 ± 15 vs 89 ± 16 cm/sec, P = .134) but significantly decreased A velocities (47 ± 10 vs 56 ± 12 cm/sec, P P P P P P P P Conclusion This study provides normal values for Doppler echocardiographic and Doppler tissue imaging parameters describing diastolic function in elite athletes, which may be implemented as reference values in the clinical assessment of athlete's heart and prove useful in understanding the physiologic limits of cardiac adaptations in athletes.

Echocardiographic Measurements in Normal Chinese Adults Focusing on Cardiac Chambers and Great Arteries: A Prospective, Nationwide, and Multicenter Study

Abstract: Background Currently available echocardiographic reference values are derived mainly from North American and European population studies, and no echocardiographic reference values are available for the Chinese population. The aim of this study was to establish normal values of echocardiographic measurements of the cardiac chambers and great arteries in a nationwide, population-based cohort of healthy Han Chinese adults. Methods A total of 1,586 healthy Han Chinese volunteers aged 18 to 79 years were screened at 43 collaborating laboratories throughout China. Standard M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography was performed to obtain measurements of the cardiac chambers and great arteries. The impacts of gender and age on all echocardiographic measurements were analyzed. Results A total of 1,394 qualified healthy subjects (mean age, 47.3 ± 16.0 years; 678 men) were ultimately enrolled. Except for left ventricular ejection fraction, values of cardiac chamber and great arterial dimensions were significantly higher in men than in women. Most measurements of the atrial and great arterial dimensions, left ventricular wall thickness, and left ventricular mass increased with age in both men and women. Conclusions Normal reference values of cardiac dimensional parameters were established for the first time in a nationwide, population-based cohort of healthy Han Chinese adults. Because most of these parameters were found to vary with gender and age, reference values stratified for gender and age should be used in clinical practice.

Risk-stratified postnatal care of newborns with congenital heart disease determined by fetal echocardiography.

Abstract: Background Advances in fetal echocardiography have improved recognition of congenital heart disease (CHD). Imaging protocols have been developed that predict delivery room (DR) risk and anticipated postnatal level of care (LOC). The aim of this study was to determine the utility of fetal echocardiography in the perinatal management of CHD. Methods A retrospective analysis of fetal and postnatal records was conducted. The anticipated LOC was assigned by fetal echocardiography (LOC 1, nursery consult/outpatient follow-up; LOC 2, stable in DR with transfer to cardiac hospital; LOC 3 or 4, DR instability/urgent intervention needed). Prenatal diagnoses and LOC assignment were compared with postnatal diagnoses, treatment, and short-term outcomes. Results From 2004 to 2012, 8,101 fetuses were evaluated; 7,405 were normal. Of 696 with CHD, 101 terminated, 40 died in utero, and 37 received palliative care. LOC was assigned in the remaining 518. Of 219 LOC 1, 195 (89%) had postnatal follow-up. Only two required transfer for intervention (LOC 1 sensitivity, 0.9; LOC 1 positive predictive value, 0.99). Of 260 assigned LOC 2, 229 (88%) had follow-up. Of these, 200 (87%) were transferred for surgery or intervention. The median time to admission was 195 min. Twenty-two patients (10%) assigned LOC 2 did not require intervention; however, seven (all with D-transposition of the great arteries) required catheter intervention before surgery. Hospital survival was 86% (LOC 2 sensitivity, 0.97; LOC 2 positive predictive value, 0.87). All LOC 3 and 4 patients had follow-up. Thirty-four (87%) needed urgent intervention, with 100% DR and 87% hospital survival (LOC 3 and 4 sensitivity, 0.83; LOC 3 and 4 positive predictive value, 0.87). Conclusions Fetal echocardiography enables accurate postnatal risk stratification in CHD, with the exception of D-transposition of the great arteries. LOC 1 assignment facilitated outpatient follow-up; LOC 2 assignment facilitated transfer for intervention. LOC 3 and 4 patients underwent stabilizing intervention or surgery with good short-term outcomes. Given the inability to predict need for intervention in D-transposition of the great arteries, all such patients should be assigned as LOC 3 or 4. Fetal echocardiography with LOC assignment should be used in the planning of postnatal care in CHD.

Doppler Imaging in Aortic Stenosis: The Importance of the Nonapical Imaging Windows to Determine Severity in a Contemporary Cohort.

Abstract: Background Although the highest aortic valve velocity was thought to be obtained from imaging windows other than the apex in about 20% of patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS), its occurrence appears to be increasing as the age of patients has increased with the application of transcatheter aortic valve replacement. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency with which the highest peak jet velocity (V max ) is found at each imaging window, the degree to which neglecting nonapical imaging windows underestimates AS severity, and factors influencing the location of the optimal imaging window in contemporary patients. Methods Echocardiograms obtained in 100 consecutive patients with severe AS from January 3 to May 23, 2012, in which all imaging windows were interrogated, were retrospectively analyzed. AS severity (aortic valve area and mean gradient) was calculated on the basis of the apical imaging window alone and the imaging window with the highest peak jet velocity. The left ventricular–aortic root angle measured in the parasternal long-axis view as well as clinical variables were correlated with the location of highest peak jet velocity. Results V max was most frequently obtained in the right parasternal window (50%), followed by the apex (39%). Subjects with acute angulation more commonly had V max at the right parasternal window (65% vs 43%, P = .05) and less commonly had V max at the apical window (19% vs 48%, P = .005), but V max was still located outside the apical imaging window in 52% of patients with obtuse aortic root angles. If nonapical windows were neglected, 8% of patients (eight of 100) were misclassified from high-gradient severe AS to low-gradient severe AS, and another 15% (15 of 100) with severe AS (aortic valve area 2 ) were misclassified as having moderate AS (aortic valve area > 1.0 cm 2 ). Conclusions In this contemporary cohort, V max was located outside the apical imaging window in 61% of patients, and neglecting the nonapical imaging windows resulted in the misclassification of AS severity in 23% of patients. Aortic root angulation as measured by two-dimensional echocardiography influences the location of V max modestly. Despite increasing time constraints on many echocardiography laboratories, these data confirm that routine Doppler interrogation from multiple imaging windows is critical to accurately determine the severity of AS in contemporary clinical practice.

Time Trends of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction and Myocardial Deformation Indices in a Cohort of Women with Breast Cancer Treated with Anthracyclines, Taxanes, and Trastuzumab

Abstract: Background Trastuzumab, a HER2 monoclonal antibody, has transformed the prognosis of patients with the aggressive HER2-positive breast cancer type. Trastuzumab augments the cardiotoxic effects of anthracyclines, but its effect is thought to be at least partially reversible. The objective of this study was to examine the time trends of left ventricular (LV) size and function in a cohort of women treated with anthracyclines and trastuzumab. Methods Twenty-nine patients >18 years of age with first-time breast cancer treated with anthracyclines and trastuzumab were monitored using echocardiography before, at the completion of, and at a median follow-up of 24.7 months (interquartile range, 15.9–34 months) after the end of their cancer treatment. LV volume, LV ejection fraction, and global peak systolic longitudinal strain and strain rate were measured in the apical four- and two-chamber views. Left ventricular ejection fraction was measured using a modified Simpson's biplane method. Results LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes increased at the end of treatment compared with baseline and did not recover during follow-up. Left ventricular ejection fraction, strain, and strain rate decreased at the end of treatment compared with baseline (from 64 ± 6% to 59 ± 8%, from −20.0 ± 2.5% to −17.6 ± 2.6%, and from −1.26 ± 0.23 to −1.13 ± 0.16 sec −1 , respectively; P Conclusions LV dilation and subclinical impairment in cardiac function persists >2 years after the end of anthracycline and trastuzumab treatment, without significant recovery after trastuzumab cessation, suggestive of long-term underlying cardiac damage and remodeling.

Simplified Rheumatic Heart Disease Screening Criteria for Handheld Echocardiography

Abstract: Background Using 2012 World Heart Federation criteria, standard portable echocardiography (STAND) reveals a high burden of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in resource-poor settings, but widespread screening is limited by cost and physician availability. Handheld echocardiography (HAND) may decrease costs, but World Heart Federation criteria are complicated for rapid field screening, particularly for nonphysician screeners. The aim of this study was to determine the best simplified screening strategy for RHD detection using HAND. Methods In this prospective study, STAND (GE Vivid q or i or Philips CX-50) was performed in five schools in Gulu, Uganda; a random subset plus all children with detectable mitral regurgitation or aortic insufficiency also underwent HAND (GE Vscan). Borderline or definite RHD cases were defined by 2012 World Heart Federation criteria on STAND images, by two experienced readers. HAND studies were reviewed by cardiologists blinded to STAND results. Single and combined HAND parameters were evaluated to determine the simplified screening strategy that maximized sensitivity and specificity for case detection. Results In 1,439 children (mean age, 10.8 ± 2.6 years; 47% male) with HAND and STAND studies, morphologic criteria and the presence of any mitral regurgitation by HAND had poor specificity. The presence of aortic insufficiency was specific but not sensitive. Combined criteria of mitral regurgitation jet length ≥ 1.5 cm or any aortic insufficiency best balanced sensitivity (73.3%) and specificity (82.4%), with excellent sensitivity for definite RHD (97.9%). With a prevalence of 4% and subsequent STAND screening of positive HAND studies, this would reduce STAND studies by 80% from a STAND-based screening strategy. Conclusions In resource-limited settings, HAND with simplified criteria can detect RHD with good sensitivity and specificity and decrease the need for standard echocardiography. Further study is needed to validate screening by local practitioners and long-term outcomes.

Right Ventricular Remodeling, Its Correlates, and Its Clinical Impact in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Abstract: Background Structural right ventricular (RV) abnormalities are present in a substantial proportion of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), but the trigger for RV hypertrophy remains unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between RV and left ventricular (LV) remodeling and the impact of biventricular involvement on clinical status in this setting. Methods Ninety-nine patients with HCM and 30 normal subjects with a similar age and gender distribution were prospectively enrolled. Comprehensive echocardiography was performed in all, including the assessment of LV and RV function by tissue Doppler and speckle-tracking echocardiography. Measurement of RV free wall thickness (RVWT) was performed at end-diastole, in a zoomed subcostal view, focusing on the RV midwall. Results Patients with HCM had increased RVWT (6.4 ± 1.9 vs 3.6 ± 0.8 mm, P P r = 0.20, P = .04) and calculated sudden cardiac death risk score ( r = 0.52, P P = .002). Conclusions In patients with HCM, the presence of RV hypertrophy was associated with increased LV mass and reduced LV longitudinal strain, correlated with increased calculated sudden cardiac death risk score, and independently related to the presence of ventricular arrhythmias. These data suggest more severe disease in patients with biventricular HCM.

Accuracy and Reproducibility of Right Ventricular Quantification in Patients with Pressure and Volume Overload Using Single-Beat Three-Dimensional Echocardiography

Abstract: Background The right ventricle is a complex structure that is challenging to quantify by two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography. Unlike disk summation three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography (3DE), single-beat 3DE can acquire large volumes at high volume rates in one cardiac cycle, avoiding stitching artifacts or long breath-holds. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy and test-retest reproducibility of single-beat 3DE for quantifying right ventricular (RV) volumes in adult populations of acquired RV pressure or volume overload, namely, pulmonary hypertension (PH) and carcinoid heart disease, respectively. Three-dimensional and 2D echocardiographic indices were also compared for identifying RV dysfunction in PH. Methods A prospective cross-sectional study was performed in 100 individuals who underwent 2D echocardiography, 3DE, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: 49 patients with PH, 20 with carcinoid heart disease, 11 with metastatic carcinoid tumors without cardiac involvement, and 20 healthy volunteers. Two operators performed test-retest acquisition and postprocessing for inter- and intraobserver reproducibility in 20 subjects. Results: RV single-beat 3DE was attainable in 96% of cases, with mean volume rates of 32 to 45 volumes/sec. Bland-Altman analysis of all subjects (presented as mean bias ± 95% limits of agreement) revealed good agreement for end-diastolic volume (−2.3 ± 27.4 mL) and end-systolic volume (5.2 ± 19.0 mL) measured by 3DE and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, with a tendency to underestimate stroke volume (−7.5 ± 23.6 mL) and ejection fraction (−4.6 ± 13.8%) by 3DE. Subgroup analysis demonstrated a greater bias for volumetric underestimation, particularly in healthy volunteers (end-diastolic volume, −11.9 ± 18.0 mL; stroke volume, −11.2 ± 20.2 mL). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that 3DE-derived ejection fraction was significantly superior to 2D echocardiographic parameters for identifying RV dysfunction in PH (sensitivity, 94%; specificity, 88%; area under the curve, 0.95; P = .031). There was significant interobserver test-retest bias for RV volume underestimation (end-diastolic volume, −12.5 ± 28.1 mL; stroke volume, −10.6 ± 23.2 mL). Conclusions Single-beat 3DE is feasible and clinically applicable for volumetric quantification in acquired RV pressure or volume overload. It has improved limits of agreement compared with previous disk summation 3D echocardiographic studies and has incremental value over standard 2D echocardiographic measures for identifying RV dysfunction. Despite the ability to obtain and postprocess a full-volume 3D echocardiographic RV data set, the quality of the raw data did influence the accuracy of the data obtained. The technique performs better with dilated rather than nondilated RV cavities, with a learning curve that might affect the test-retest reproducibility for serial RV studies.

Changes in Longitudinal Myocardial Deformation during Acute Cardiac Rejection: The Clinical Role of Two-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography

Abstract: Background Diagnosing and monitoring acute cellular rejection (ACR) is a major objective in the surveillance of heart-transplanted patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of global longitudinal strain (GLS), measured by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography, as a noninvasive tool for graft function monitoring in relation to ACR. Methods The study population consisted of all heart-transplanted patients who underwent biopsy and corresponding echocardiography at one institution from 2011 to 2013 ( n = 64). ACR was classified according to the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (0R–3R). Changes in graft function were serially evaluated before, during, and in the resolving period after ACR. Results No sign of rejection was seen in 268 biopsies (52.7%), minimal rejection (1R) in 202 biopsies (39.7%), and moderate rejection (2R) in 39 biopsies (7.7%); no patients had severe (3R) rejection. A significant difference in GLS was observed comparing the groups with 0R (−15.5%; 95% confidence interval, −16.2% to −14.2%), 1R (−15.3%; 95% confidence interval, −16.0% to −14.6%), and 2R (−13.8%; 95% confidence interval, −14.6% to −12.9%) rejection ( P 2 years) after transplantation. In the serial assessment, GLS was decreasing significantly at the time of moderate 2R rejection and improved significantly in the resolving period. The traditional diastolic Doppler parameters, E-wave deceleration time and isovolumetric relaxation time, were unaffected by rejections, whereas the E/A and E/e′ ratios were significantly higher in the 2R group ( P = .004 and P = .01) compared with the 0R and 1R groups. Conclusions GLS is significantly reduced during moderate (2R) ACR and improves significantly in the resolving period. The present results provide encouraging evidence to consider the routine use of GLS as a marker of graft function involvement during ACR.

Assessment of Paravalvular Aortic Regurgitation after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Intra–Core Laboratory Variability

Abstract: Background There is significant disparity in the reported incidence of moderate and severe paravalvular aortic regurgitation (PAR) between the Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valves (PARTNER) I and PARTNER II trials, which may be related to the echocardiographic methodologies used by separate core laboratories. To further explore the variability in echocardiographic interpretation of PAR, agreement between the grading of PAR by the core laboratory of PARTNER IIB was compared with that by a consortium of echocardiography core laboratory directors. Methods The PARTNER IIB core laboratory reevaluated patients using primarily the circumferential extent of the regurgitant jet for PAR. A consortium of echocardiography core laboratory directors was formed to evaluate the echocardiographic images and to grade PAR and central and total aortic regurgitation in a randomly chosen subset of the randomized patients in the PARTNER IIB trial using a multiwindow, multiparametric approach. Both a four-class scale (none or trace, mild, moderate, and severe) and a seven-class (none, trace, mild, mild to moderate, moderate, moderate to severe, and severe) scale were used. Levels of grading agreement between the consortium and original core laboratory in both scales were determined using weighted κ statistics. Results Only 87 patients assessed for PAR by the consortium could be paired with readings by the PARTNER IIB core laboratory. Using the four-class grading scheme the weighted κ statistic for PAR was 0.481 (95% confidence limits, 0.367, 0.595). Using the seven-class scale, the weighted κ statistic for PAR was 0.517 (95% confidence limits, 0.431, 0.607). For either grading scheme, 15.9% of patients graded by the PARTNER IIB core laboratory as having moderate PAR would have been graded as having mild PAR using the multiparametric approach. Similar results were seen for central and total aortic regurgitation assessments. Conclusions Using primarily the circumferential extent criteria, the PARTNER IIB core laboratory overestimated the severity of PAR compared to the consortium using a multi-parametric approach. Although a more granular classification scheme for PAR may slightly improve concordance between core laboratories, differences in the incidence of moderate or severe PAR are likely related to differences in grading methodology. A multiparametric approach is advocated, and other echocardiographic methods for assessing PAR deserve further study.