Showing papers in "Virus Research in 2006"

TL;DR: This review focuses on the monophyletic group of animal RNA viruses united in the order Nidovirales, which includes the largest known RNA genomes and will therefore be called ‘large’ nidoviruses in this review.

TL;DR: It is shown that subsequent evolution of the NCLDV genomes involved lineage-specific expansion of paralogous gene families and acquisition of numerous genes via horizontal gene transfer from the eukaryotic hosts, other viruses, and bacteria (primarily, endosymbionts and parasites).

TL;DR: Detailed analyses of capsid structures provide the best evidence for a common origin of the three groups of herpesvirus, and the structure of the capsid shell protein further suggests an element of common origin between herpesviruses and tailed DNA bacteriophages.

TL;DR: The goal of the study was to establish if there was a relationship between molecular patterns and virus evolution, and the complete genome sequence of two distinct apathogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains was determined and a third genome size category, containing 15,198 nucleotides, was recognized.

TL;DR: According to these new hypotheses, viruses played a critical role in major evolutionary transitions, such as the invention of DNA and DNA replication mechanisms, the formation of the three domains of life, or else, the origin of the eukaryotic nucleus.

TL;DR: The evolutionary processes that have shaped the complex and fluid genomes of the large RNA viruses might be similar to those that have been involved in evolution of genomic complexity in other divisions of life.

TL;DR: The results suggest that targeted manipulation of PRRSV through nsp2 modification by reverse genetics may yield promising vectors for vaccine development, as has been recently demonstrated.

TL;DR: It is concluded that crenarchaeal viruses are, in general, evolutionarily unrelated to other known viruses and, probably, evolved via independent accretion of genes derived from the hosts and, through more complex routes of horizontal gene transfer, from other prokaryotes.

TL;DR: The key role played by PKR in the innate response to virus infection is emphasized by the large number of viruses, DNA viruses as well as RNA viruses, whose hosts range from insects to humans, that code for PKR inhibitors.

TL;DR: Various comparative analyses of the poxviruses are reviewed including gene prediction, gene conservation and function, genome organization, and poxvirus taxonomy and evolution.

TL;DR: Increased lipid peroxidation in WSSV-infected shrimp may be due to increased oxidative stress in the cells as a result of depletion of antioxidant scavenger systems, and significant reductions in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, reduced glutATHione, glutthione peroxidase and glutathion reductase were observed in W SSV- Infected animals.

TL;DR: The nature of the frameshift signals of HIV-1 and the SARS–CoV will be described and the impact of this knowledge on models of frameshifting will be considered.

TL;DR: It is proposed to introduce the word "girus" to recognize the intermediate status of these giant DNA viruses, the genome complexity of which makes them closer to small parasitic prokaryotes than to regular viruses.

TL;DR: The genome analyses have revealed in excess of 1000 unique genes, with only 14 homologous genes held in common among the three genera of the phycodnavirses sequenced to date, suggesting the gene diversity far exceeds the number of so-called "core" genes.

TL;DR: Why aphids are manageable by barrier cropping, the mechanisms by which barrier plants affect the occurrence of non-persistently aphid-transmitted viruses and the limitations of using barrier plants as a virus control strategy are addressed.

TL;DR: This work discusses the remarkably diverse cap-independent translation elements that have been identified in members of the Potyviridae, Luteoviridae, and Tombusviridae families, and genus Tobamovirus, and discusses how these elements may interact with host translation factors.

TL;DR: Picornaviruses are perhaps the best characterized in regards to interaction of their proteinases with the host translation machinery and will be emphasized here, however, new findings have shown that similar paradigms exist in other viral systems which will be discussed.

TL;DR: The availability of genomic sequences of three orf virus isolates allowed us to more accurately assess likely coding regions and thereby revise published data for 24 genes and to predict two previously unrecognized genes.

TL;DR: The existence of this mechanism suggests that the repertoire of open reading frames in the genome may be greater than anticipated, and the mechanism of initiating translation at non-AUG codons and the regulation of this IRES in vivo are examined.

TL;DR: An infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV)-related sequence within the shrimp genome in populations of Penaeus monodon from Africa and Australia is found.

TL;DR: It was demonstrated with both one- way ANOVA and two-way ANOVA that only one genomic region in RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domain (4254-4560nt) for which there were no significant differences when compared with the full-length genome (P>0.05) was identified.

TL;DR: Gene sequence analysis of the progenitor virus isolated in 1998 showed very little sequence variation when compared to that of a progenitors-like virus isolated from Victoria and New South Wales, Australia in 2001, demonstrating that in the field, viral genome sequence variation appears to be biologically restricted toThat of a consensus sequence.

TL;DR: The results point towards the potential of the expression pattern of VEGF as a tumor marker for the early diagnosis of metastastic NPC and also show that presence of EBV is related to up regulation of VPD, the first report evaluating the correlation between V EGF expression levels, EBV status and recurrence in Indian NPC.

TL;DR: All of the members of Ad species B utilize CD80 andCD86 for infection of cells, and the Ad fiber-knob domain from both B1 and B2 Ad efficiently blocked CD80- and CD86-mediated infection of Ad3 vectors.

TL;DR: The current knowledge on Mimivirus structure, life cycle and genome analysis is reviewed and its putative evolutionary origin in the tree of species of the three domains of life is discussed.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that a vigorous microglia-driven cascade of pro-inflammatory immune responses is not sufficient to protect susceptible mice from HSV-1 brain infection.

TL;DR: The demonstration that ISAV segment 7 encodes a putative non-structural IFN system antagonist reveals a difference with influenza A virus, where segment 7, which shares a similar coding strategy, encodes the structural matrix proteins.

TL;DR: The low prevalence of resistance mutations is consistent with previous observations at this geographical location but the high frequency of HIV-1 clade C and CB mosaics seems pre-eminent and warns close monitoring.

TL;DR: This issue focuses on leaky scanning, shunt and reinitiation, with emphasis on plant pararetroviruses.

TL;DR: The antiviral activity of the CoV peptides tested provides an attractive basis for the development of new fusion peptide inhibitors corresponding to regions outside the fusion protein heptad repeat regions.