Journal ArticleDOI
Above‐ and below‐ground impacts of introduced predators in seabird‐dominated island ecosystems
Tadashi Fukami,Tadashi Fukami,David A. Wardle,David A. Wardle,Peter J. Bellingham,Christa P. H. Mulder,David R. Towns,Gregor W. Yeates,Karen I. Bonner,Melody S. Durrett,Madeline N. Grant-Hoffman,Wendy M. Williamson +11 more
TLDR
Comparison of rat-free and rat-invaded offshore islands in New Zealand revealed that predation of seab birds by introduced rats reduced forest soil fertility by disrupting sea-to-land nutrient transport by seabirds, and that fertility reduction led to wide-ranging cascading effects on belowground organisms and the ecosystem processes they drive.Abstract:
Predators often exert multi-trophic cascading effects in terrestrial ecosystems. However, how such predation may indirectly impact interactions between above- and below-ground biota is poorly understood, despite the functional importance of these interactions. Comparison of rat-free and rat-invaded offshore islands in New Zealand revealed that predation of seabirds by introduced rats reduced forest soil fertility by disrupting sea-to-land nutrient transport by seabirds, and that fertility reduction in turn led to wide-ranging cascading effects on belowground organisms and the ecosystem processes they drive. Our data further suggest that some effects on the belowground food web were attributable to changes in aboveground plant nutrients and biomass, which were themselves related to reduced soil disturbance and fertility on invaded islands. These results demonstrate that, by disrupting across-ecosystem nutrient subsidies, predators can indirectly induce strong shifts in both above- and below-ground biota via multiple pathways, and in doing so, act as major ecosystem drivers.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth
James A. Estes,John Terborgh,Justin S. Brashares,Mary E. Power,Joel Berger,William J. Bond,Stephen R. Carpenter,Timothy E. Essington,Robert D. Holt,Jeremy B. C. Jackson,Robert J. Marquis,Lauri Oksanen,Tarja Oksanen,Robert T. Paine,Ellen K. Pikitch,William J. Ripple,Stuart A. Sandin,Marten Scheffer,Thomas W. Schoener,Jonathan B. Shurin,Anthony R. E. Sinclair,Michael E. Soulé,Risto Virtanen,David A. Wardle +23 more
TL;DR: This empirical work supports long-standing theory about the role of top-down forcing in ecosystems but also highlights the unanticipated impacts of trophic cascades on processes as diverse as the dynamics of disease, wildfire, carbon sequestration, invasive species, and biogeochemical cycles.
Journal ArticleDOI
Defaunation in the Anthropocene
TL;DR: Defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet’s sixth mass extinction and also a major driver of global ecological change.
Journal ArticleDOI
Impacts of biological invasions: what's what and the way forward
Daniel Simberloff,Jean-Louis Martin,Piero Genovesi,Virginie Maris,David A. Wardle,James Aronson,James Aronson,Franck Courchamp,Bella S. Galil,Emili García-Berthou,Michel Pascal,Petr Pyšek,Petr Pyšek,Ronaldo Sousa,Ronaldo Sousa,Eric Tabacchi,Montserrat Vilà +16 more
TL;DR: Recent progress in understanding invasion impacts and management is highlighted, and the challenges that the discipline faces in its science and interactions with society are discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Animals in a bacterial world, a new imperative for the life sciences
Margaret J. McFall-Ngai,Michael G. Hadfield,Thomas C. G. Bosch,Hannah V. Carey,Tomislav Domazet-Lošo,Angela E. Douglas,Nicole Dubilier,Gérard Eberl,Tadashi Fukami,Scott F. Gilbert,Ute Hentschel,Nicole King,Staffan Kjelleberg,Andrew H. Knoll,Natacha Kremer,Sarkis K. Mazmanian,Jessica L. Metcalf,Kenneth H. Nealson,Naomi E. Pierce,John F. Rawls,Ann H. Reid,Edward G. Ruby,Mary E. Rumpho,Jon G. Sanders,Diethard Tautz,Jennifer J. Wernegreen +25 more
TL;DR: Recent technological and intellectual advances that have changed thinking about five questions about how have bacteria facilitated the origin and evolution of animals; how do animals and bacteria affect each other’s genomes; how does normal animal development depend on bacterial partners; and how is homeostasis maintained between animals and their symbionts are highlighted.
Journal ArticleDOI
Global change and species interactions in terrestrial ecosystems.
TL;DR: It is concluded that in order to reliably predict the effects of GEC on community and ecosystem processes, the greatest single challenge will be to determine how biotic and abiotic context alters the direction and magnitude of G EC effects on biotic interactions.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Ecological linkages between aboveground and belowground biota.
David A. Wardle,David A. Wardle,Richard D. Bardgett,John N. Klironomos,Heikki Setälä,Wim H. van der Putten,Diana H. Wall +6 more
TL;DR: This work shows how aboveground and belowground components are closely interlinked at the community level, reinforced by a greater degree of specificity between plants and soil organisms than has been previously supposed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Community Structure, Population Control, and Competition
TL;DR: Populations of producers, carnivores, and decomposers are limited by their respective resources in the classical density-dependent fashion and interspecific competition must necessarily exist among the members of each of these three trophic levels.
Journal ArticleDOI
A physiological method for the quantitative measurement of microbial biomass in soils
TL;DR: The respiratory method provides reproducible estimates of biomass size within 1–3 h after soil amendment, and can be combined without difficulty with a selective inhibition method for determination of bacterial and fungal contributions to soil metabolism.
Journal Article
Feeding habits in soil nematode families and genera-an outline for soil ecologists.
TL;DR: Because research on nematode involvement in trophic interactions, foodweb structure, and biodiversity is constrained by lack of an overview of nematodes feeding habits, this outline presents a consensus of current thought on Nematode feeding habits.
Journal ArticleDOI
Stable Isotopes in Plant Ecology
TL;DR: How isotope measurements associated with the critical plant resources carbon, water, and nitrogen have helped deepen the understanding of plant-resource acquisition, plant interactions with other organisms, and the role of plants in ecosystem studies is reviewed.