Acinetobacter baumannii: Human infections, factors contributing to pathogenesis and animal models
TLDR
This review summarizes the characteristics of A. baumannii that contribute to its pathogenesis, with a focus on motility, adherence, biofilm formation, and iron acquisition.Abstract:
Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a medically important pathogen because of the increasing number of infections produced by this organism over the preceding three decades and the global spread of strains with resistance to multiple antibiotic classes. In spite of its clinical relevance, until recently, there have been few studies addressing the factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of this organism. The availability of complete genome sequences, molecular tools for manipulating the bacterial genome, and animal models of infection have begun to facilitate the identification of factors that play a role in A. baumannii persistence and infection. This review summarizes the characteristics of A. baumannii that contribute to its pathogenesis, with a focus on motility, adherence, biofilm formation, and iron acquisition. In addition, the virulence factors that have been identified to date, which include the outer membrane protein OmpA, phospholipases, membrane polysaccharide components, penicillin-binding proteins, and outer membrane vesicles, are discussed. Animal models systems that have been developed during the last 15 years for the study of A. baumannii infection are overviewed, and the recent use of these models to identify factors involved in virulence and pathogenesis is highlighted.read more
Citations
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Acinetobacter baumannii: evolution of a global pathogen.
TL;DR: The recent expansion of A. baumannii sequenced genomes has permitted the development of large-array phylogenomic and phenotypic analyses, which can offer valuable insights into the evolution and adaptation of the human pathogen.
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Clinical and Pathophysiological Overview of Acinetobacter Infections: a Century of Challenges.
Darren Wong,Travis B. Nielsen,Robert A. Bonomo,Paul Pantapalangkoor,Brian Luna,Brad Spellberg,Brad Spellberg +6 more
TL;DR: Given its high rate of antibiotic resistance and abysmal outcomes (up to 70% mortality rate from infections caused by XDR strains in some case series), new preventative and therapeutic options for Acinetobacter spp.
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Biology of Acinetobacter baumannii: Pathogenesis, Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms, and Prospective Treatment Options.
Chang-Ro Lee,Jung Hun Lee,Moonhee Park,Kwang Seung Park,Il Kwon Bae,Young Bae Kim,Chang-Jun Cha,Byeong Chul Jeong,Sang Hee Lee +8 more
TL;DR: Current studies on the virulence factors that contribute to A. baumannii pathogenesis are summarized and Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance of this organism, including acquirement of β-lactamases, up-regulation of multidrug efflux pumps, modification of aminoglycosides, permeability defects, and alteration of target sites are discussed.
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The OmpA family of proteins: roles in bacterial pathogenesis and immunity.
Anthony W. Confer,Sahlu Ayalew +1 more
TL;DR: Among many of the pathogenic bacteria, OmpA proteins have important pathogenic roles including bacterial adhesion, invasion, or intracellular survival as well as evasion of host defenses or stimulators of pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
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Bacteriophage Therapy: Clinical Trials and Regulatory Hurdles.
TL;DR: This review discusses the multi-drug resistant Gram-negative pathogens of highest critical priority and summarizes the current state-of-the-art in phage therapy targeting these organisms.
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