Acinetobacter baumannii: Human infections, factors contributing to pathogenesis and animal models
TLDR
This review summarizes the characteristics of A. baumannii that contribute to its pathogenesis, with a focus on motility, adherence, biofilm formation, and iron acquisition.Abstract:
Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a medically important pathogen because of the increasing number of infections produced by this organism over the preceding three decades and the global spread of strains with resistance to multiple antibiotic classes. In spite of its clinical relevance, until recently, there have been few studies addressing the factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of this organism. The availability of complete genome sequences, molecular tools for manipulating the bacterial genome, and animal models of infection have begun to facilitate the identification of factors that play a role in A. baumannii persistence and infection. This review summarizes the characteristics of A. baumannii that contribute to its pathogenesis, with a focus on motility, adherence, biofilm formation, and iron acquisition. In addition, the virulence factors that have been identified to date, which include the outer membrane protein OmpA, phospholipases, membrane polysaccharide components, penicillin-binding proteins, and outer membrane vesicles, are discussed. Animal models systems that have been developed during the last 15 years for the study of A. baumannii infection are overviewed, and the recent use of these models to identify factors involved in virulence and pathogenesis is highlighted.read more
Citations
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Acinetobacter baumannii: evolution of a global pathogen.
TL;DR: The recent expansion of A. baumannii sequenced genomes has permitted the development of large-array phylogenomic and phenotypic analyses, which can offer valuable insights into the evolution and adaptation of the human pathogen.
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Clinical and Pathophysiological Overview of Acinetobacter Infections: a Century of Challenges.
Darren Wong,Travis B. Nielsen,Robert A. Bonomo,Paul Pantapalangkoor,Brian Luna,Brad Spellberg,Brad Spellberg +6 more
TL;DR: Given its high rate of antibiotic resistance and abysmal outcomes (up to 70% mortality rate from infections caused by XDR strains in some case series), new preventative and therapeutic options for Acinetobacter spp.
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Biology of Acinetobacter baumannii: Pathogenesis, Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms, and Prospective Treatment Options.
Chang-Ro Lee,Jung Hun Lee,Moonhee Park,Kwang Seung Park,Il Kwon Bae,Young Bae Kim,Chang-Jun Cha,Byeong Chul Jeong,Sang Hee Lee +8 more
TL;DR: Current studies on the virulence factors that contribute to A. baumannii pathogenesis are summarized and Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance of this organism, including acquirement of β-lactamases, up-regulation of multidrug efflux pumps, modification of aminoglycosides, permeability defects, and alteration of target sites are discussed.
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The OmpA family of proteins: roles in bacterial pathogenesis and immunity.
Anthony W. Confer,Sahlu Ayalew +1 more
TL;DR: Among many of the pathogenic bacteria, OmpA proteins have important pathogenic roles including bacterial adhesion, invasion, or intracellular survival as well as evasion of host defenses or stimulators of pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
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Bacteriophage Therapy: Clinical Trials and Regulatory Hurdles.
TL;DR: This review discusses the multi-drug resistant Gram-negative pathogens of highest critical priority and summarizes the current state-of-the-art in phage therapy targeting these organisms.
References
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Rat Pneumonia and Soft-Tissue Infection Models for the Study of Acinetobacter baumannii Biology
Thomas A. Russo,Janet M. Beanan,Ruth Olson,Ulrike MacDonald,Nicole R. Luke,Steven R. Gill,Anthony A. Campagnari +6 more
TL;DR: These models are clinically relevant and can be used to study the innate virulence of various Acinetobacter clinical isolates and to assess potential virulence factors, vaccine candidates, and drug targets in vivo andCan be used for pharmacokinetic and chemotherapeutic investigations.
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Sulbactam efficacy in experimental models caused by susceptible and intermediate Acinetobacter baumannii strains
María-Jesús Rodríguez-Hernández,L. Cuberos,C. Pichardo,F. J. Caballero,Ignacio Moreno,M. Enrique Jiménez-Mejías,A. García-Curiel,Jerónimo Pachón +7 more
TL;DR: The results show the efficacy of sulbactam in infections caused by susceptible strains of A. baumannii, with an MIC up to 4 mg/L, provided that doses reach a t > MIC similar to that of imipenem.
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Pharmacodynamic evaluation of tigecycline against Acinetobacter baumannii in a murine pneumonia model
TL;DR: Tigecycline efficacy in this murine ACB pneumonia model was well predicted by fAUC/MIC, and Requisite tigecYcline exposures for efficacy appear to be higher forACB pneumonia than for other pathogens reported of non-respiratory infections.
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Role of NADPH phagocyte oxidase in host defense against acute respiratory Acinetobacter baumannii infection in mice.
TL;DR: NADPH phagocyte oxidase appears to play a crucial role in the neutrophil-mediated host defense against respiratory infection with A. baumannii, and NADPH-deficient neutrophils were unable to control bacterial replication and extrapulmonary dissemination.
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Acinetobacter Skin Colonization of US Army Soldiers
Matthew E. Griffith,Julia M. Ceremuga,Michael W. Ellis,Charles H. Guymon,Duane R. Hospenthal,Clinton K. Murray +5 more
TL;DR: Whether skin colonization with Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii complex exists in a population of healthy, nondeployed US Army soldiers and, if present, how it might relate to the infections seen in current war casualties is evaluated.