Alpha and beta diversity of plants and animals along a tropical land-use gradient.
Michael Kessler,Michael Kessler,Stefan Abrahamczyk,Stefan Abrahamczyk,Merijn M. Bos,Damayanti Buchori,Dadang Dwi Putra,S. Robbert Gradstein,Patrick Höhn,Jürgen Kluge,Friederike Orend,Ramadhaniel Pitopang,Shahabuddin Saleh,Christian H. Schulze,Simone G. Sporn,Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter,Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter,Sri S. Tjitrosoedirdjo,Teja Tscharntke +18 more
TLDR
It is concluded that different taxa can have largely independent patterns of alpha diversity and that patterns of beta diversity can be more congruent, and conservation plans on a landscape scale need to put more emphasis on the high heterogeneity of agroforests and the overarching role ofbeta diversity shaping overall diversity patterns.Abstract:
Assessing the overall biological diversity of tropical rain forests is a seemingly insurmountable task for ecologists. Therefore, researchers frequently sample selected taxa that they believe reflect general biodiversity patterns. Usually, these studies focus on the congruence of a diversity (the number of species found per sampling unit) between taxa rather than on b diversity (turnover of species assemblages between sampling units). Such approaches ignore the potential role of habitat heterogeneity that, depending on the taxonomic group considered, can greatly enhance b diversity at local and landscape scales. We compared a and b diversity of four plant groups (trees, lianas, terrestrial herbs, epiphytic liverworts) and eight animal groups (birds, butterflies, lower canopy ants, lower canopy beetles, dung beetles, bees, wasps, and the parasitoids of the latter two) at 15 sites in Sulawesi, Indonesia, that represented natural rain forest and three types of cacao agroforests differing in management intensity. In total, we recorded 863 species. Patterns of species richness per study site varied strongly between taxonomic groups. Only 13-17% of the variance in species richness of one taxonomic group could be predicted from the species richness of another, and on average 12-18% of the variance of b diversity of a given group was predicted by that in other groups, although some taxon pairs had higher values (up to 76% for wasps and their parasitoids). The degree of congruence of patterns of a diversity was not influenced by sampling completeness, whereas the indicator value for b diversity improved when using a similarity index that accounts for incomplete sampling. The indication potential of a diversity for b diversity and vice versa was limited within taxa (7-20%) and virtually nil between them (0-4%). We conclude that different taxa can have largely independent patterns of a diversity and that patterns of b diversity can be more congruent. Thus, conservation plans on a landscape scale need to put more emphasis on the high heterogeneity of agroforests and the overarching role of b diversity shaping overall diversity patterns.read more
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Global effects of land use on local terrestrial biodiversity
Tim Newbold,Lawrence N. Hudson,Samantha L. L. Hill,Sara Contu,Igor Lysenko,Rebecca A. Senior,Luca Börger,Dominic J. Bennett,Argyrios Choimes,Ben Collen,Julie Day,Adriana De Palma,Sandra Díaz,Susy Echeverría-Londoño,Melanie J. Edgar,Anat Feldman,Morgan Garon,Michelle L K Harrison,Tamera I Alhusseini,Daniel J. Ingram,Yuval Itescu,Jens Kattge,Victoria Kemp,Lucinda Kirkpatrick,Michael Kleyer,David L P Correia,Callum D. Martin,Shai Meiri,Maria Novosolov,Yuan Pan,Helen Phillips,Drew W. Purves,Alexandra N Robinson,Jake Simpson,Sean L. Tuck,Evan Weiher,Hannah J. White,Robert M. Ewers,Georgina M. Mace,Jörn P. W. Scharlemann,Andy Purvis +40 more
TL;DR: A terrestrial assemblage database of unprecedented geographic and taxonomic coverage is analysed to quantify local biodiversity responses to land use and related changes and shows that in the worst-affected habitats, pressures reduce within-sample species richness by an average of 76.5%, total abundance by 39.5% and rarefaction-based richness by 40.3%.
Journal ArticleDOI
Landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns and processes - eight hypotheses
Teja Tscharntke,Jason M. Tylianakis,Tatyana A. Rand,Raphael K. Didham,Raphael K. Didham,Raphael K. Didham,Lenore Fahrig,Péter Batáry,Péter Batáry,Janne Bengtsson,Yann Clough,Thomas O. Crist,Carsten F. Dormann,Robert M. Ewers,Jochen Fründ,Robert D. Holt,Andrea Holzschuh,Alexandra M. Klein,David Kleijn,Claire Kremen,Doug A. Landis,William F. Laurance,David B. Lindenmayer,Christoph Scherber,Navjot S. Sodhi,Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter,Carsten Thies,Wim H. van der Putten,Catrin Westphal +28 more
TL;DR: This review uses knowledge gained from human‐modified landscapes to suggest eight hypotheses, which it hopes will encourage more systematic research on the role of landscape composition and configuration in determining the structure of ecological communities, ecosystem functioning and services.
Journal ArticleDOI
Prospects for tropical forest biodiversity in a human-modified world.
Toby A. Gardner,Jos Barlow,Robin L. Chazdon,Robert M. Ewers,Celia A. Harvey,Carlos A. Peres,Navjot S. Sodhi,Navjot S. Sodhi +7 more
TL;DR: A critical synthesis of the scientific insights that guide the understanding of patterns and processes underpinning forest biodiversity in the human-modified tropics are provided, and a conceptual framework that integrates a broad range of social and ecological factors that define and contextualize the possible future of tropical forest species is presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
How Should Beta-Diversity Inform Biodiversity Conservation?
TL;DR: How beta-diversity is impacted by human activities, including farming, selective logging, urbanization, species invasions, overhunting, and climate change is reviewed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Has land use pushed terrestrial biodiversity beyond the planetary boundary? A global assessment
Tim Newbold,Tim Newbold,Lawrence N. Hudson,Andrew P. Arnell,Sara Contu,Adriana De Palma,Adriana De Palma,Simon Ferrier,Samantha L. L. Hill,Samantha L. L. Hill,Andrew J. Hoskins,Igor Lysenko,Helen Phillips,Helen Phillips,Victoria J. Burton,Charlotte W T Chng,Susan R Emerson,Di Gao,Gwilym D Pask-Hale,Jon Hutton,Jon Hutton,Martin Jung,Martin Jung,Katia Sanchez-Ortiz,Benno I. Simmons,Benno I. Simmons,Sarah Whitmee,Hanbin Zhang,Jörn P. W. Scharlemann,Jörn P. W. Scharlemann,Andy Purvis,Andy Purvis +31 more
TL;DR: It is estimated that land use and related pressures have already reduced local biodiversity intactness—the average proportion of natural biodiversity remaining in local ecosystems—beyond its recently proposed planetary boundary across 58.1% of the world’s land surface, where 71.4%) of the human population live.
References
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