An Overview of Heart Rate Variability Metrics and Norms.
Fred Shaffer,Jay P. Ginsberg +1 more
TLDR
Current perspectives on the mechanisms that generate 24 h, short-term (<5 min), and ultra-short-term HRV are reviewed, and the importance of HRV, and its implications for health and performance are reviewed.Abstract:
Healthy biological systems exhibit complex patterns of variability that can be described by mathematical chaos. Heart rate variability (HRV) consists of changes in the time intervals between consecutive heartbeats called interbeat intervals (IBIs). A healthy heart is not a metronome. The oscillations of a healthy heart are complex and constantly changing, which allow the cardiovascular system to rapidly adjust to sudden physical and psychological challenges to homeostasis. This article briefly reviews current perspectives on the mechanisms that generate 24 h, short-term (~5 min), and ultra-short-term (<5 min) HRV, the importance of HRV, and its implications for health and performance. The authors provide an overview of widely-used HRV time-domain, frequency-domain, and non-linear metrics. Time-domain indices quantify the amount of HRV observed during monitoring periods that may range from ~2 min to 24 h. Frequency-domain values calculate the absolute or relative amount of signal energy within component bands. Non-linear measurements quantify the unpredictability and complexity of a series of IBIs. The authors survey published normative values for clinical, healthy, and optimal performance populations. They stress the importance of measurement context, including recording period length, subject age, and sex, on baseline HRV values. They caution that 24 h, short-term, and ultra-short-term normative values are not interchangeable. They encourage professionals to supplement published norms with findings from their own specialized populations. Finally, the authors provide an overview of HRV assessment strategies for clinical and optimal performance interventions.read more
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References
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Normal values for heart rate variability parameters in children 6-8 years of age: the PANIC Study
Santeri Seppälä,Tomi Laitinen,Mika P. Tarvainen,Tuomo Tompuri,Aapo Veijalainen,Kai Savonen,Timo A. Lakka +6 more
TL;DR: Reference values for a large number of HRV parameters among children are defined for examining cardiac autonomic control among children.
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Approximate Entropy of Heart Rate Variability: Validation of Methods and Application in Heart Failure
TL;DR: Values of approximate entropy of heart failure patients indicate a more erratic heart rate, and Brownian noise (1/f2-noise) seemed to have the least influence on ApEn.
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Heart rate variability interventions for concussion and rehabilitation.
TL;DR: Interventions with HRV biofeedback (HRV BFB) training are reviewed as a promising and underutilized treatment for sports and military-related concussion and research and promising case studies pertaining to use of HRV B FB for enhancement of cognition and performance are reviewed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Heart Rate Variability Anatomy and Physiology
Fred Shaffer,John Venner +1 more
TL;DR: The regulation of the heart, the meaning of HRV, Thayer and Lane's neurovisceral integration model, the sources ofHRV, HRV frequency and time domain measurements, Porges's polyvagal theory, and resonance frequency breathing are examined.