An Overview of Heart Rate Variability Metrics and Norms.
Fred Shaffer,Jay P. Ginsberg +1 more
TLDR
Current perspectives on the mechanisms that generate 24 h, short-term (<5 min), and ultra-short-term HRV are reviewed, and the importance of HRV, and its implications for health and performance are reviewed.Abstract:
Healthy biological systems exhibit complex patterns of variability that can be described by mathematical chaos. Heart rate variability (HRV) consists of changes in the time intervals between consecutive heartbeats called interbeat intervals (IBIs). A healthy heart is not a metronome. The oscillations of a healthy heart are complex and constantly changing, which allow the cardiovascular system to rapidly adjust to sudden physical and psychological challenges to homeostasis. This article briefly reviews current perspectives on the mechanisms that generate 24 h, short-term (~5 min), and ultra-short-term (<5 min) HRV, the importance of HRV, and its implications for health and performance. The authors provide an overview of widely-used HRV time-domain, frequency-domain, and non-linear metrics. Time-domain indices quantify the amount of HRV observed during monitoring periods that may range from ~2 min to 24 h. Frequency-domain values calculate the absolute or relative amount of signal energy within component bands. Non-linear measurements quantify the unpredictability and complexity of a series of IBIs. The authors survey published normative values for clinical, healthy, and optimal performance populations. They stress the importance of measurement context, including recording period length, subject age, and sex, on baseline HRV values. They caution that 24 h, short-term, and ultra-short-term normative values are not interchangeable. They encourage professionals to supplement published norms with findings from their own specialized populations. Finally, the authors provide an overview of HRV assessment strategies for clinical and optimal performance interventions.read more
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References
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The utility of low frequency heart rate variability as an index of sympathetic cardiac tone: A review with emphasis on a reanalysis of previous studies
Gustavo A. Reyes del Paso,Wolf Langewitz,Lambertus J.M. Mulder,Arie M. van Roon,Stefan Duschek +4 more
TL;DR: In this article, the suitability of low frequency (LF) heart rate variability (HRV) as an index of sympathetic cardiac control and the LF/high frequency (HF) ratio was evaluated.
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Low-frequency power of heart rate variability is not a measure of cardiac sympathetic tone but may be a measure of modulation of cardiac autonomic outflows by baroreflexes
TL;DR: Low‐frequency power seems to provide an index not of cardiac sympathetic tone but of baroreflex function, and Manipulations and drugs that change LF power or LF:HF may do so not by affecting cardiac autonomic outflows directly but by affecting modulation of those outflows by barore Flexes.
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Human sinus arrhythmia as an index of vagal cardiac outflow
TL;DR: Results point toward a close relationship between variations of respiratory depth and interval and the quantity, periodicity, and timing of vagal cardiac outflow in conscious humans and suggest that, at usual breathing rates, phasic respiration-related changes ofvagal motoneuron activity began in expiration, progress slowly, and are incompletely expressed at fast breathing rates.
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Mechanisms Underlying Very-Low-Frequency RR-Interval Oscillations in Humans
TL;DR: Although very-low-frequency heart period rhythms are influenced by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, as low and respiratory frequency RR-interval rhythms, they depend primarily on the presence of parasympathetic outflow, and the prognostic value of very- low-frequencyheart period oscillations may derive from the fundamental importance of parASYmpathetic mechanisms in cardiovascular health.
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A quantitative systematic review of normal values for short-term heart rate variability in healthy adults
TL;DR: A need for large‐scale population studies and a review of the Task Force recommendations for short‐term HRV that covers the full‐age spectrum were identified, and a degree of homogeneity for common measures of HRV in healthy adults was shown across studies.