Anti-membrane and anti-spike antibodies are long-lasting and together discriminate between past COVID-19 infection and vaccination
Maya F. Amjadi,Ryan R Adyniec,Srishti Gupta,S. Janna Bashar,Aisha M Mergaert,Katarina M. Braun,Gage K. Moreno,David H. O’Connor,Thomas C. Friedrich,Nasia Safdar,Sara S. McCoy,Miriam A. Shelef +11 more
TLDR
In this article, the authors demonstrate that anti-membrane IgG is a sensitive and specific marker of past COVID-19 infection and persists at least one year, while anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) Ig is a long-lasting, sensitive, and specific indicator of past infection and vaccination.Abstract:
The consequences of past COVID-19 infection for personal health and long-term population immunity are only starting to be revealed. Unfortunately, detecting past infection is currently a challenge, limiting clinical and research endeavors. Widely available anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests cannot differentiate between past infection and vaccination given vaccine-induced anti-spike antibodies and the rapid loss of infection-induced anti-nucleocapsid antibodies. Anti-membrane antibodies develop after COVID-19, but their long-term persistence is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that anti-membrane IgG is a sensitive and specific marker of past COVID-19 infection and persists at least one year. We also confirm that anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) Ig is a long-lasting, sensitive, and specific marker of past infection and vaccination, while anti-nucleocapsid IgG lacks specificity and quickly declines after COVID-19. Thus, a combination of anti-membrane and anti-RBD antibodies can accurately differentiate between distant COVID-19 infection, vaccination, and naive states to advance public health, individual healthcare, and research goals.read more
Citations
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