Journal ArticleDOI
Bacterial TIR-containing proteins and host innate immune system evasion.
TLDR
The current state of knowledge on the possible roles and mechanisms of action of the bacterial TIR domains is reviewed.Abstract:
The innate immune system provides the first line of host defence against invading pathogens. Key to upregulation of the innate immune response are Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger a signaling pathway culminating in the production of inflammatory mediators. Central to this TLR signaling pathway are heterotypic protein-protein interactions mediated through Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains found in both the cytoplasmic regions of TLRs and adaptor proteins. Pathogenic bacteria have developed a range of ingenuous strategies to evade the host immune mechanisms. Recent work has identified a potentially novel evasion mechanism involving bacterial TIR domain proteins. Such domains have been identified in a wide range of pathogenic bacteria, and there is evidence to suggest that they interfere directly with the TLR signaling pathway and thus inhibit the activation of NF-κB. The individual TIR domains from the pathogenic bacteria Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, Brucella sp, uropathogenic E. coli and Yersinia pestis have been analyzed in detail. The individual bacterial TIR domains from these pathogenic bacteria seem to differ in their modes of action and their roles in virulence. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on the possible roles and mechanisms of action of the bacterial TIR domains.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
The evolutionary journey of Argonaute proteins
Daan C. Swarts,Kira S. Makarova,Yanli Wang,Kotaro Nakanishi,René F. Ketting,Eugene V. Koonin,Dinshaw J. Patel,John van der Oost +7 more
TL;DR: On the basis of structural comparisons and phylogenetic analyses of pAgos and eAgos, this work reconstructs the evolutionary journey of the Argonaute proteins through the three domains of life and discusses how different structural features of p Agos andeAgos relate to their distinct physiological roles.
Journal ArticleDOI
TLR4 Signaling Pathway Modulators as Potential Therapeutics in Inflammation and Sepsis.
Nikolay N Kuzmich,Konstantin V. Sivak,Vladimir N. Chubarev,Yuri B. Porozov,Tatiana N. Savateeva-Lyubimova,Francesco Peri +5 more
TL;DR: The results of in vivo studies in the sepsis model and the mechanisms of action of drug leads are presented and critically discussed, evidencing the differences in treatment results from rodents to humans.
Journal ArticleDOI
Elemental and Chemically Specific X-ray Fluorescence Imaging of Biological Systems
M. Jake Pushie,Ingrid J. Pickering,Malgorzata Korbas,Malgorzata Korbas,Mark J. Hackett,Graham N. George +5 more
TL;DR: X-ray fluorescence imaging is a powerful technique that can be used to determine elemental and chemical species distributions at a range of spatial resolutions within samples of biological tissues, and the technique is capable of determining metal and nonmetal distributions on a variety of length scales.
Journal ArticleDOI
The family of the interleukin-1 receptors
TL;DR: Regulation of the IL‐1/IL‐1R system in the brain will be described, as an example of the peculiarities of organ‐specific modulation of inflammation.
Journal ArticleDOI
The interleukin-1 receptor family.
Diana Boraschi,Aldo Tagliabue +1 more
TL;DR: The characteristics and functional roles of the IL-1R family are examined, which include the regulation of innate inflammation, host defense and acquired immunity.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Pathogen Recognition and Innate Immunity
TL;DR: New insights into innate immunity are changing the way the way the authors think about pathogenesis and the treatment of infectious diseases, allergy, and autoimmunity.
Journal ArticleDOI
Toll-like receptor signalling
Shizuo Akira,Kiyoshi Takeda +1 more
TL;DR: Rapid progress that has recently improved the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that mediate TLR signalling is reviewed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Defective LPS Signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr Mice: Mutations in Tlr4 Gene
Alexander Poltorak,Xiaolong He,Irina Smirnova,Mu Ya Liu,Christophe Van Huffel,Xin Du,Dale Birdwell,E. Alejos,M. Silva,Chris Galanos,Marina Freudenberg,Paola Ricciardi-Castagnoli,Betsy Layton,Bruce Beutler +13 more
TL;DR: The mammalian Tlr4 protein has been adapted primarily to subserve the recognition of LPS and presumably transduces the LPS signal across the plasma membrane.
Journal Article
Defective LPS signaling in C3 H/HeJ and C57 BL/10 ScCr mice: Mutations in Tlr4 Gene
Alexander Poltorak,Xiaolong He,Irina Smirnova,Mu Ya Liu,C. Van Huffel,Xin Du,Dale Birdwell,E. Alejos,M. Suva,Chris Galanos,Marina Freudenberg,Paola Ricciardi-Castagnoli,B. Layton,Bruce Beutler +13 more
Journal ArticleDOI
The family of five: TIR-domain-containing adaptors in Toll-like receptor signalling
TL;DR: The function of the fifth adaptor, SARM, has been revealed, which negatively regulates TRIF, and it is shown that it acts as a bridging adaptor in the initiation of TLR signalling.