Evidence of Airborne Transmission of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Ignatius Tak-sun Yu,Yuguo Li,Tze Wai Wong,Wilson W.S. Tam,Andy Chan,Joseph H.W. Lee,Dennis Y.C. Leung,Thomas C. Ho +7 more
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Airborne spread of the virus appears to explain this large community outbreak of SARS in Hong Kong, and future efforts at prevention and control must take into consideration the potential for airborne spread of this virus.Abstract:
background There is uncertainty about the mode of transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus. We analyzed the temporal and spatial distributions of cases in a large community outbreak of SARS in Hong Kong and examined the correlation of these data with the three-dimensional spread of a virus-laden aerosol plume that was modeled using studies of airflow dynamics. methods We determined the distribution of the initial 187 cases of SARS in the Amoy Gardens housing complex in 2003 according to the date of onset and location of residence. We then studied the association between the location (building, floor, and direction the apartment unit faced) and the probability of infection using logistic regression. The spread of the airborne, virus-laden aerosols generated by the index patient was modeled with the use of airflow-dynamics studies, including studies performed with the use of computational fluid-dynamics and multizone modeling. results The curves of the epidemic suggested a common source of the outbreak. All but 5 patients lived in seven buildings (A to G), and the index patient and more than half the other patients with SARS (99 patients) lived in building E. Residents of the floors at the middle and upper levels in building E were at a significantly higher risk than residents on lower floors; this finding is consistent with a rising plume of contaminated warm air in the air shaft generated from a middle-level apartment unit. The risks for the different units matched the virus concentrations predicted with the use of multizone modeling. The distribution of risk in buildings B, C, and D corresponded well with the three-dimensional spread of virus-laden aerosols predicted with the use of computational fluiddynamics modeling. conclusions Airborne spread of the virus appears to explain this large community outbreak of SARS, and future efforts at prevention and control must take into consideration the potential for airborne spread of this virus.read more
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Environmental and Aerosolized Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Among Hospitalized Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients.
Raquel A. Binder,Natalie A. Alarja,Emily R. Robie,Kara E Kochek,Leshan Xiu,Leshan Xiu,Lucas Rocha-Melogno,Anfal Abdelgadir,Sumana V Goli,Amanda S. Farrell,Kristen K. Coleman,Abigail L Turner,Cassandra C Lautredou,John A. Lednicky,Mark J Lee,Christopher R. Polage,Ryan A. Simmons,Marc A. Deshusses,Benjamin Anderson,Gregory C. Gray +19 more
TL;DR: Among >400 samples, molecular evidence of virus in most sample types, especially the nasopharyngeal (NP), saliva, and fecal samples, but the prevalence of molecular positivity among fomites and aerosols was low and implied low nosocomial risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through inanimate objects or aerosols.
Journal ArticleDOI
Role of two-way airflow owing to temperature difference in severe acute respiratory syndrome transmission: revisiting the largest nosocomial severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in Hong Kong
TL;DR: It was found that the air exchange owing to the small temperature differences between cubicles played a major role in SARS transmission and the validated multi-zone model combining the two-way airflow effect could simulate the pollutant transport with reasonable accuracy but much less computational time.
Journal ArticleDOI
Filtration and inactivation of aerosolized bacteriophage MS2 by a CNT air filter fabricated using electro-aerodynamic deposition.
Kyu Tae Park,Jungho Hwang +1 more
TL;DR: Carbon nanotubes were coated on a sample of glass fiber air filter medium at atmospheric pressure and room temperature using electro-aerodynamic deposition (EAD) and virus aerosol filtration and anti-viral tests were carried out using the aerosol number counting method and the plaque counting method.
Journal ArticleDOI
Investigating a safe ventilation rate for the prevention of indoor SARS transmission: An attempt based on a simulation approach.
TL;DR: The safe ventilation rate for eliminating airborne viral infection is to dilute the air emitted from a SARS patient by 10000 times with clean air, which is insufficient for protecting non-infected people from SARS exposure and the risk of infection is very high.
Journal ArticleDOI
Factors associated with nosocomial SARS-CoV transmission among healthcare workers in Hanoi, Vietnam, 2003
Mary G. Reynolds,Bach Huy Anh,Vu Hoang Thu,Joel M. Montgomery,Daniel G. Bausch,Daniel G. Bausch,J. Jina Shah,Susan A. Maloney,Katrin Leitmeyer,Vu Quang Huy,Peter Horby,Aileen J. Plant,Timothy M. Uyeki +12 more
TL;DR: This study highlights job categories and activities associated with increased risk for SARS-CoV infection and demonstrates that a broad diversity of hospital workers may be vulnerable during an outbreak.
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