Evidence of Airborne Transmission of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Ignatius Tak-sun Yu,Yuguo Li,Tze Wai Wong,Wilson W.S. Tam,Andy Chan,Joseph H.W. Lee,Dennis Y.C. Leung,Thomas C. Ho +7 more
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Airborne spread of the virus appears to explain this large community outbreak of SARS in Hong Kong, and future efforts at prevention and control must take into consideration the potential for airborne spread of this virus.Abstract:
background There is uncertainty about the mode of transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus. We analyzed the temporal and spatial distributions of cases in a large community outbreak of SARS in Hong Kong and examined the correlation of these data with the three-dimensional spread of a virus-laden aerosol plume that was modeled using studies of airflow dynamics. methods We determined the distribution of the initial 187 cases of SARS in the Amoy Gardens housing complex in 2003 according to the date of onset and location of residence. We then studied the association between the location (building, floor, and direction the apartment unit faced) and the probability of infection using logistic regression. The spread of the airborne, virus-laden aerosols generated by the index patient was modeled with the use of airflow-dynamics studies, including studies performed with the use of computational fluid-dynamics and multizone modeling. results The curves of the epidemic suggested a common source of the outbreak. All but 5 patients lived in seven buildings (A to G), and the index patient and more than half the other patients with SARS (99 patients) lived in building E. Residents of the floors at the middle and upper levels in building E were at a significantly higher risk than residents on lower floors; this finding is consistent with a rising plume of contaminated warm air in the air shaft generated from a middle-level apartment unit. The risks for the different units matched the virus concentrations predicted with the use of multizone modeling. The distribution of risk in buildings B, C, and D corresponded well with the three-dimensional spread of virus-laden aerosols predicted with the use of computational fluiddynamics modeling. conclusions Airborne spread of the virus appears to explain this large community outbreak of SARS, and future efforts at prevention and control must take into consideration the potential for airborne spread of this virus.read more
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Spread of SARS-CoV-2 aerosols via two connected drainage stacks in a high-rise housing outbreak of COVID-19
Qun Wang,Zhang Lin,Jianlei Niu,Garnet K. Y. Choi,Jimmy Chi Hung Fung,Alexis K.H. Lau,Peter K.K. Louie,K. Leung,Jianxiang Huang,Pan Cheng,Pengcheng Zhao,Wenzhao Chen,Cheng Zhang,Li Hui Fu,P.W. Chan,Ann H. Wong,Herman Tse,Sally C. Y. Wong,Raymond Lai,David S.C. Hui,Kwok-Yung Yuen,David Christopher Lung,Yuguo Li +22 more
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors injected tracer gas (SF6) into drainage stacks via toilet or balcony of Flat 812, monitored gas concentrations in roof vent, toilet, façade, and living room in four of the seven flats with infected residents and four flats with no infected residents.
Journal ArticleDOI
SARS-Cov-2: The Relevance and Prevention of Aerosol Transmission.
TL;DR: In this article, it has been shown that SARS-CoV-2 remains viable in aerosols for hours, facilitating rapid distribution of the virus over great distances, and aerosols may also be responsible for super-spreader events.
Journal ArticleDOI
Airflow as a Possible Transmission Route of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome at an Initial Outbreak Hospital in Korea
TL;DR: An airflow investigation at Pyeongtaek St. Mary’s Hospital, South Korea, found that long-distance dispersion is probable in certain environments, such as that of a super-spreader patient hospitalized in a room without ventilation, hospitals with a central corridor type, and indoor airflow dispersion due to external wind.
Journal ArticleDOI
Transmission of SARS-Cov-2 and other enveloped viruses to the environment through protective gear: a brief review.
Francesco Petrosino,Francesco Petrosino,Debolina Mukherjee,Gerardo Coppola,Maria Teresa Gaudio,Stefano Curcio,Vincenza Calabrò,Francesco Marra,Prosun Bhattacharya,Umapada Pal,Nabil Khélifi,Sudip Chakraborty +11 more
TL;DR: A simulation-based approach was developed to understand the transport mechanism for coronavirus and similar enveloped viruses in the environment through porous media, and preliminary results indicate that viruses can move through porous soil and eventually contaminate groundwater.
Journal ArticleDOI
Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors
Levente Zsichla,Viktor Müller +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors provide an overview of host, viral and environmental factors that have been shown or (in some cases) hypothesized to be associated with severe clinical outcomes and discuss the complex interactions between the various risk factors.
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