Evidence of Airborne Transmission of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Ignatius Tak-sun Yu,Yuguo Li,Tze Wai Wong,Wilson W.S. Tam,Andy Chan,Joseph H.W. Lee,Dennis Y.C. Leung,Thomas C. Ho +7 more
TLDR
Airborne spread of the virus appears to explain this large community outbreak of SARS in Hong Kong, and future efforts at prevention and control must take into consideration the potential for airborne spread of this virus.Abstract:
background There is uncertainty about the mode of transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus. We analyzed the temporal and spatial distributions of cases in a large community outbreak of SARS in Hong Kong and examined the correlation of these data with the three-dimensional spread of a virus-laden aerosol plume that was modeled using studies of airflow dynamics. methods We determined the distribution of the initial 187 cases of SARS in the Amoy Gardens housing complex in 2003 according to the date of onset and location of residence. We then studied the association between the location (building, floor, and direction the apartment unit faced) and the probability of infection using logistic regression. The spread of the airborne, virus-laden aerosols generated by the index patient was modeled with the use of airflow-dynamics studies, including studies performed with the use of computational fluid-dynamics and multizone modeling. results The curves of the epidemic suggested a common source of the outbreak. All but 5 patients lived in seven buildings (A to G), and the index patient and more than half the other patients with SARS (99 patients) lived in building E. Residents of the floors at the middle and upper levels in building E were at a significantly higher risk than residents on lower floors; this finding is consistent with a rising plume of contaminated warm air in the air shaft generated from a middle-level apartment unit. The risks for the different units matched the virus concentrations predicted with the use of multizone modeling. The distribution of risk in buildings B, C, and D corresponded well with the three-dimensional spread of virus-laden aerosols predicted with the use of computational fluiddynamics modeling. conclusions Airborne spread of the virus appears to explain this large community outbreak of SARS, and future efforts at prevention and control must take into consideration the potential for airborne spread of this virus.read more
Citations
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Aerosol transmission of infectious disease.
TL;DR: Biological plausibility of aerosol transmission is biologically plausible when infectious aerosols are generated by or from an infectious person, the pathogen remains viable in the environment for some period of time, and the target tissues in which the pathogenic initiates infection are accessible to the aerosol.
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Survival of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
TL;DR: Fecal and respiratory samples can remain infectious for a long period of time at room temperature, and Absorbent material, such as cotton, is preferred to nonabsorptive material for personal protective clothing for routine patient care where risk of large spillage is unlikely.
Journal ArticleDOI
An Imperative Need for Research on the Role of Environmental Factors in Transmission of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19).
TL;DR: Human-to-human transmission of COVID-19 occurs when individuals are in the incubation stage or showing symptoms, while some individuals remain contagious while remaining asymptomatic (superspreaders).
Journal ArticleDOI
Isolation of infectious SARS-CoV-2 from urine of a COVID-19 patient.
Jing Sun,Airu Zhu,Heying Li,Kui Zheng,Zhen Zhuang,Zhao Chen,Yongxia Shi,Zhaoyong Zhang,Si bei Chen,Xuesong Liu,Jun Dai,Xiaobo Li,Shuxiang Huang,Xiaofang Huang,Ling Luo,Liyan Wen,Jianfen Zhuo,Yuming Li,Yanqun Wang,Lu Zhang,Yanjun Zhang,Fang Li,Liqiang Feng,Xinwen Chen,Nanshan Zhong,Zifeng Yang,Jicheng Huang,Jincun Zhao,Yimin Li +28 more
TL;DR: In conclusion, infectious SARS-CoV-2 was successfully isolated from urine of a COVID-19 patient and could infect new susceptible cells and was recognized by its’ own patient sera.
Journal ArticleDOI
MERS-CoV outbreak following a single patient exposure in an emergency room in South Korea: an epidemiological outbreak study
Sun Young Cho,Ji-Man Kang,Young Eun Ha,Ga Eun Park,Ji Yeon Lee,Jae-Hoon Ko,Ji Yong Lee,Jong Min Kim,Cheol-In Kang,Ik Joon Jo,Jae Geum Ryu,Jong Rim Choi,Seonwoo Kim,Hee Jae Huh,Chang-Seok Ki,Eun-Suk Kang,Kyong Ran Peck,Hun-Jong Dhong,Jae-Hoon Song,Doo Ryeon Chung,Yae-Jean Kim +20 more
TL;DR: The results showed increased transmission potential of MERS-CoV from a single patient in an overcrowded emergency room and provide compelling evidence that health-care facilities worldwide need to be prepared for emerging infectious diseases.
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