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Genetic relationships of North American bears (Ursus) inferred from amplified fragment length polymorphisms and mitochondrial DNA sequences

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TLDR
The data indicate that extant populations of brown bears and polar bears have separate nuclear and mitochondrial gene pools and are supported as species under the genetic species concept.
Abstract
The three species of bears in North America, polar bears (Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1774), brown bears (Ursus arctos L., 1758), and black bears (Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780), have differentiated morphologies and nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. An exception is a paraphyletic mitochondrial DNA relationship and some nuclear gene lineages common to polar bears and a population of brown bears from islands in southeast Alaska. In this study, we quantified the genetic relationships of extant brown bears and black bears from Alaska and Montana, and polar bears from Alaska, with amplified fragment length polymor- phisms (AFLP) and mtDNA cytochrome-b sequences. Bayesian cluster analyses of the AFLP data show each species is distinct. All brown bears, including those from the islands in southeast Alaska, cluster separately from polar bears, and black bears cluster separately from brown bears and polar bears. The mtDNA of polar bears and southeast Alaska island brown bears is paraphyletic as reported previously, but the species have different haplotypes. These data indicate that extant populations of brown bears and polar bears have separate nuclear and mitochondrial gene pools and are supported as species under the genetic species concept. Resume : Les trois especes d'ours d'Amerique du Nord, l'ours blanc (Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1774), le grizzli (Ursus arctos L., 1758) et l'ours noir (Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780), ont des morphologies et des genomes nucleaires et mitochondriaux differencies. Une relation paraphyletique de l'ADN mitochondrial et certaines lignees de genes nucleaires qu'ont en commun les ours blancs et une population de grizzlis des iles du sud-est de l'Alaska constituent toutefois des exceptions notables. Nous avons quantifie les relations genetiques entre des grizzlis et des ours noirs vivant aujourd'hui en l'Alaska et au Montana, et des ours blancs de l'Alaska ala lumiere de polymorphismes de longueur de fragments amplifies (AFLP) et de sequences du cytochrome-b de l'ADNmt. Des analyses bayesiennes de regroupement des donnees d'AFLP indiquent que chaque espece est distincte. Tous les grizzlis, y compris ceux des iles du sud-est de l'Alaska, forment un groupe distinct des ours blancs, et les ours noirs forment un groupe distinct des grizzlis et des ours blancs. L'ADNmt des ours blancs et des grizzlis des iles du sud-est de l'Alaska est paraphyletique, ce qui concorde avec les conclusions d'etudes anterieures, mais les deux especes ont des haplotypes distincts. Ces donnees indiquent que les populations actuelles de grizzlis et d'ours blancs presentent des patrimoines genetiques nucle- aires et mitochondriaux distincts et constituent des especes distinctes en vertu du concept des especes genetiques. (Traduit par la Redaction) Mots-cles : polymorphisme de longueur de fragments amplifies, ours, cytochrome b, ADN mitochondrial, Ursus americanus, Ursus arctos, Ursus maritimus.

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Bears in a Forest of Gene Trees: Phylogenetic Inference Is Complicated by Incomplete Lineage Sorting and Gene Flow

TL;DR: Gene flow detected from brown into American black bears can explain the conflicting placement of the American black bear in mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies, and highlights that both incomplete lineage sorting and introgression are prominent evolutionary forces even on time scales up to several million years.
Journal ArticleDOI

Brown and Polar Bear Y Chromosomes Reveal Extensive Male-Biased Gene Flow within Brother Lineages

TL;DR: Y chromosome evidence support the emerging understanding that brown and polar bears started to diverge no later than the Middle Pleistocene, and highlights the importance of analyzing both maternally and paternally inherited loci for a comprehensive view of phylogeographic history.
Journal ArticleDOI

Recent Hybridization between a Polar Bear and Grizzly Bears in the Canadian Arctic

TL;DR: Grizzly bears have recently become more common on the Arctic Islands in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region, concurrently with a period of environmental change, triggering extensive discussion and speculation regarding the impact of hybridization on the parent species.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance, and Maximum Parsimony Methods

TL;DR: The newest addition in MEGA5 is a collection of maximum likelihood (ML) analyses for inferring evolutionary trees, selecting best-fit substitution models, inferring ancestral states and sequences, and estimating evolutionary rates site-by-site.
Journal ArticleDOI

Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data

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Journal ArticleDOI

MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models

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Journal ArticleDOI

Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study.

TL;DR: It is found that in most cases the estimated ‘log probability of data’ does not provide a correct estimation of the number of clusters, K, and using an ad hoc statistic ΔK based on the rate of change in the log probability between successive K values, structure accurately detects the uppermost hierarchical level of structure for the scenarios the authors tested.
Journal ArticleDOI

genalex 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research

TL;DR: Genalex is a user-friendly cross-platform package that runs within Microsoft Excel, enabling population genetic analyses of codominant, haploid and binary data.
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