Journal ArticleDOI
Location Fingerprinting With Bluetooth Low Energy Beacons
Ramsey Faragher,Robert Harle +1 more
TLDR
This work provides a detailed study of BLE fingerprinting using 19 beacons distributed around a ~600 m2 testbed to position a consumer device, and investigates the choice of key parameters in a BLE positioning system, including beacon density, transmit power, and transmit frequency.Abstract:
The complexity of indoor radio propagation has resulted in location-awareness being derived from empirical fingerprinting techniques, where positioning is performed via a previously-constructed radio map, usually of WiFi signals. The recent introduction of the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) radio protocol provides new opportunities for indoor location. It supports portable battery-powered beacons that can be easily distributed at low cost, giving it distinct advantages over WiFi. However, its differing use of the radio band brings new challenges too. In this work, we provide a detailed study of BLE fingerprinting using 19 beacons distributed around a $\sim\! 600\ \mbox{m}^2$ testbed to position a consumer device. We demonstrate the high susceptibility of BLE to fast fading, show how to mitigate this, and quantify the true power cost of continuous BLE scanning. We further investigate the choice of key parameters in a BLE positioning system, including beacon density, transmit power, and transmit frequency. We also provide quantitative comparison with WiFi fingerprinting. Our results show advantages to the use of BLE beacons for positioning. For one-shot (push-to-fix) positioning we achieve $30\ \mbox{m}^2$ ), compared to $100\ \mbox{m}^2$ ) and < 8.5 m for an established WiFi network in the same area.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Empirical Study of a Room-Level Localization System Based on Bluetooth Low Energy Beacons
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the fingerprint technique using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) to locate the exact room of a person, seeking a simple and low-cost solution.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
Indoor Navigation Ontology for Smartphone Semi-Automatic Self-Calibration Scenario
TL;DR: An ontology-based technique for human movement recognition using the hybrid indoor localization technique based on received signal strength multilateration and pedestrian dead reckoning which relies on internal smartphone sensors is described.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
Bluetooth Low Energy Microlocation Asset Tracking (BLEMAT) in a Context-Aware Fog Computing System
TL;DR: There is solid basis that a fog computing system can efficiently carry out semi-supervised machine learning procedures for high-precision indoor position estimation and space modeling without the need for detailed input information.
Journal ArticleDOI
Continuous Non-Invasive Assessment of Gait Speed Through Bluetooth Low Energy
Emilio Sansano-Sansano,Raúl Montoliu,Óscar Belmonte-Fernández,Fernando J. Aranda,Fernando Alvarez +4 more
TL;DR: This work presents a method, based on Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), capable of detecting the user’s walking speed in a continuous and non-invasive way, providing a useful tool for the monitoring and early detection of this type of diseases.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
A New Set of Bluetooth-Based Fingerprinting Algorithms for Indoor Location Services
Tarek El Salti,Mark Orlando,Simon Hood,Gerhard Knelsen,Melanie Iarocci,Zachary Lazzara,Yongmei Xie,Joseph Chun-Chung Cheung,Isaac Woungang +8 more
TL;DR: New fingerprinting-based algorithms, namely, the Nearest Neighbour Version 2 (NNV2), Nearest Neighbor Version 3 (NN v3) and Nearest neighbor Version 4 (NNv4), are proposed, and tested to determine the most effective and efficient one with respect to accuracy, precision, and time complexity.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
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TL;DR: Comprehensive performance comparisons including accuracy, precision, complexity, scalability, robustness, and cost are presented.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
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A Survey of Indoor Inertial Positioning Systems for Pedestrians
TL;DR: It is concluded that PDR techniques alone can offer good short- to medium- term tracking under certain circumstances, but that regular absolute position fixes from partner systems will be needed to ensure long-term operation and to cope with unexpected behaviours.
Enhancements to the RADAR User Location and Tracking System
TL;DR: This paper analyzes shortcomings of the basic system, develops and evaluates solutions to address these shortcomings, and describes several new enhancements, including a novel access point-based environmental profiling scheme, and a Viterbi-like algorithm for continuous user tracking and disambiguation of candidate user locations.
Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms Specification
TL;DR: NTP version 4 (NTPv4), which is backwards compatible with NTP version 3 (N TPv3), described in RFC 1305, as well as previous versions of the protocol, are described.
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