Journal ArticleDOI
Location Fingerprinting With Bluetooth Low Energy Beacons
Ramsey Faragher,Robert Harle +1 more
TLDR
This work provides a detailed study of BLE fingerprinting using 19 beacons distributed around a ~600 m2 testbed to position a consumer device, and investigates the choice of key parameters in a BLE positioning system, including beacon density, transmit power, and transmit frequency.Abstract:
The complexity of indoor radio propagation has resulted in location-awareness being derived from empirical fingerprinting techniques, where positioning is performed via a previously-constructed radio map, usually of WiFi signals. The recent introduction of the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) radio protocol provides new opportunities for indoor location. It supports portable battery-powered beacons that can be easily distributed at low cost, giving it distinct advantages over WiFi. However, its differing use of the radio band brings new challenges too. In this work, we provide a detailed study of BLE fingerprinting using 19 beacons distributed around a $\sim\! 600\ \mbox{m}^2$ testbed to position a consumer device. We demonstrate the high susceptibility of BLE to fast fading, show how to mitigate this, and quantify the true power cost of continuous BLE scanning. We further investigate the choice of key parameters in a BLE positioning system, including beacon density, transmit power, and transmit frequency. We also provide quantitative comparison with WiFi fingerprinting. Our results show advantages to the use of BLE beacons for positioning. For one-shot (push-to-fix) positioning we achieve $30\ \mbox{m}^2$ ), compared to $100\ \mbox{m}^2$ ) and < 8.5 m for an established WiFi network in the same area.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Multi-sensor integrated navigation/positioning systems using data fusion: From analytics-based to learning-based approaches
Yuan Zhuang,Xiao Sun,You Li,Jianzhu Huai,Luchi Hua,Xiansheng Yang,Xiaoxiang Cao,Peng Zhang,Yue Cao,Longning Qi,Jun Yang,Nashwa El-Bendary,Naser El-Sheimy,J. A. Thompson,Ruizhi Chen +14 more
TL;DR: In this paper , a thorough investigation into multi-sensor data fusion, which over the last ten years has been used for integrated positioning/navigation systems, is described, and different navigation/positioning systems are classified and elaborated upon from three aspects: (1) sources, (2) algorithms and architectures, and (3) scenarios, which are further divided into two categories: (i) analyticsbased fusion and (ii) learning-based fusion.
Journal ArticleDOI
Fingerprint indoor positioning based on user orientations and minimum computation time
TL;DR: This research aimed to minimize the computation time of kNN searching process and showed that when the value of k in kNN was greater, the computationTime increased, especially when using Cityblock and Minkowski distance function.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
Implementing the physical web using Bluetooth low energy based beacons and a mobile app
TL;DR: This paper has come with an approach to deal with this issue using beacons, where to interact with each smart device, user would have to download a separate mobile/tablet application.
Journal ArticleDOI
Bluetooth Localization Technology: Principles, Applications, and Future Trends
TL;DR: In this article , a comprehensive survey of Bluetooth localization is presented, including the measurements for localization, working principles, and method comparison, highlighting the learning-based methods and integrated localization methods.
Journal ArticleDOI
FastGraph Enhanced: High Accuracy Automatic Indoor Navigation and Mapping
Cristiano Pendao,Adriano Moreira +1 more
TL;DR: In FastGraph Enhanced, the 3D Force-Directed Graph-Based method, used to model the radio environment, is extended with new algorithms, allowing to improve, among other aspects, the positioning performance.
References
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Proceedings ArticleDOI
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A Survey of Indoor Inertial Positioning Systems for Pedestrians
TL;DR: It is concluded that PDR techniques alone can offer good short- to medium- term tracking under certain circumstances, but that regular absolute position fixes from partner systems will be needed to ensure long-term operation and to cope with unexpected behaviours.
Enhancements to the RADAR User Location and Tracking System
TL;DR: This paper analyzes shortcomings of the basic system, develops and evaluates solutions to address these shortcomings, and describes several new enhancements, including a novel access point-based environmental profiling scheme, and a Viterbi-like algorithm for continuous user tracking and disambiguation of candidate user locations.
Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms Specification
TL;DR: NTP version 4 (NTPv4), which is backwards compatible with NTP version 3 (N TPv3), described in RFC 1305, as well as previous versions of the protocol, are described.
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