Journal ArticleDOI
Location Fingerprinting With Bluetooth Low Energy Beacons
Ramsey Faragher,Robert Harle +1 more
TLDR
This work provides a detailed study of BLE fingerprinting using 19 beacons distributed around a ~600 m2 testbed to position a consumer device, and investigates the choice of key parameters in a BLE positioning system, including beacon density, transmit power, and transmit frequency.Abstract:
The complexity of indoor radio propagation has resulted in location-awareness being derived from empirical fingerprinting techniques, where positioning is performed via a previously-constructed radio map, usually of WiFi signals. The recent introduction of the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) radio protocol provides new opportunities for indoor location. It supports portable battery-powered beacons that can be easily distributed at low cost, giving it distinct advantages over WiFi. However, its differing use of the radio band brings new challenges too. In this work, we provide a detailed study of BLE fingerprinting using 19 beacons distributed around a $\sim\! 600\ \mbox{m}^2$ testbed to position a consumer device. We demonstrate the high susceptibility of BLE to fast fading, show how to mitigate this, and quantify the true power cost of continuous BLE scanning. We further investigate the choice of key parameters in a BLE positioning system, including beacon density, transmit power, and transmit frequency. We also provide quantitative comparison with WiFi fingerprinting. Our results show advantages to the use of BLE beacons for positioning. For one-shot (push-to-fix) positioning we achieve $30\ \mbox{m}^2$ ), compared to $100\ \mbox{m}^2$ ) and < 8.5 m for an established WiFi network in the same area.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Energy efficiency and accuracy of solar powered BLE beacons
Petros Spachos,Andrew Mackey +1 more
TL;DR: Experimental results shown that solar powered BLE beacon is a promising solution with minimum energy requirements and high accuracy, compared with battery powered beacons.
Journal ArticleDOI
Security and Privacy Threats for Bluetooth Low Energy in IoT and Wearable Devices: A Comprehensive Survey
TL;DR: This survey paper presents a comprehensive taxonomy for the security and privacy issues of BLE, and presents possible attack scenarios for different types of vulnerabilities, classify them according to their severity, and list possible mitigation techniques.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
Finding objects using UWB or BLE localization technology: A museum-like use case
Antonio Jiménez,Fernando Seco +1 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the common BLE low ranging-accuracy technology combined with smartphone-based PDR estimation is capable of finding with decent range and heading accuracy the objects of interest in a museum-like set-up.
Journal ArticleDOI
Unsupervised Indoor Localization Based on Smartphone Sensors, iBeacon and Wi-Fi
Jing Chen,Yi Zhang,Wei Xue +2 more
TL;DR: The experimental results show that the UILoc can provide accurate positioning and the average localization error is about 1.1 meters in the steady state and the maximum error is 2.77 meters.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
RSSI or Time-of-flight for Bluetooth Low Energy based localization? An experimental evaluation
TL;DR: This paper proposes a practical approach for ToF extraction on top of BLE to be used as alternative to or in combination with RSSI and releases the sources of the library used to perform the ToF measurement on BLE, that can be used per se or as input for a localization algorithm.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Survey of Wireless Indoor Positioning Techniques and Systems
TL;DR: Comprehensive performance comparisons including accuracy, precision, complexity, scalability, robustness, and cost are presented.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
The Horus WLAN location determination system
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Journal ArticleDOI
A Survey of Indoor Inertial Positioning Systems for Pedestrians
TL;DR: It is concluded that PDR techniques alone can offer good short- to medium- term tracking under certain circumstances, but that regular absolute position fixes from partner systems will be needed to ensure long-term operation and to cope with unexpected behaviours.
Enhancements to the RADAR User Location and Tracking System
TL;DR: This paper analyzes shortcomings of the basic system, develops and evaluates solutions to address these shortcomings, and describes several new enhancements, including a novel access point-based environmental profiling scheme, and a Viterbi-like algorithm for continuous user tracking and disambiguation of candidate user locations.
Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms Specification
TL;DR: NTP version 4 (NTPv4), which is backwards compatible with NTP version 3 (N TPv3), described in RFC 1305, as well as previous versions of the protocol, are described.
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