Journal ArticleDOI
Location Fingerprinting With Bluetooth Low Energy Beacons
Ramsey Faragher,Robert Harle +1 more
TLDR
This work provides a detailed study of BLE fingerprinting using 19 beacons distributed around a ~600 m2 testbed to position a consumer device, and investigates the choice of key parameters in a BLE positioning system, including beacon density, transmit power, and transmit frequency.Abstract:
The complexity of indoor radio propagation has resulted in location-awareness being derived from empirical fingerprinting techniques, where positioning is performed via a previously-constructed radio map, usually of WiFi signals. The recent introduction of the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) radio protocol provides new opportunities for indoor location. It supports portable battery-powered beacons that can be easily distributed at low cost, giving it distinct advantages over WiFi. However, its differing use of the radio band brings new challenges too. In this work, we provide a detailed study of BLE fingerprinting using 19 beacons distributed around a $\sim\! 600\ \mbox{m}^2$ testbed to position a consumer device. We demonstrate the high susceptibility of BLE to fast fading, show how to mitigate this, and quantify the true power cost of continuous BLE scanning. We further investigate the choice of key parameters in a BLE positioning system, including beacon density, transmit power, and transmit frequency. We also provide quantitative comparison with WiFi fingerprinting. Our results show advantages to the use of BLE beacons for positioning. For one-shot (push-to-fix) positioning we achieve $30\ \mbox{m}^2$ ), compared to $100\ \mbox{m}^2$ ) and < 8.5 m for an established WiFi network in the same area.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
BLE Beacons for Internet of Things Applications: Survey, Challenges, and Opportunities
TL;DR: The BLE beacon’s cutting-edge applications, the interoperability between packet profiles, the reliability of its signal detection and distance estimation methods, the sustainability of its low energy, and its deployment constraints are discussed to identify research opportunities and directions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Robustness, Security and Privacy in Location-Based Services for Future IoT: A Survey
Liang Chen,Sarang Thombre,Kimmo Järvinen,Elena Simona Lohan,Anette Alen-Savikko,Helena Leppäkoski,M. Zahidul H. Bhuiyan,Shakila Bu-Pasha,Giorgia Ferrara,Salomon Honkala,Jenna Lindqvist,Laura Ruotsalainen,Päivi Korpisaari,Heidi Kuusniemi +13 more
TL;DR: This survey paper addresses a broad range of security and privacy aspects in IoT-based positioning and localization from both technical and legal points of view and aims to give insight and recommendations for future IoT systems providing more robust, secure, and privacy-preserving location-based services.
Journal ArticleDOI
Smart grid communication and information technologies in the perspective of Industry 4.0: Opportunities and challenges
Muhammad Faheem,Muhammad Faheem,Syed Bilal Hussain Shah,Rizwan Aslam Butt,Basit Raza,Muhammad Anwar,Muhammad Ashraf,Md. Asri Ngadi,Vehbi Cagri Gungor +8 more
TL;DR: A comprehensive presentation on critical smart grid components with international standards and information technologies in the context of Industry 4.0 and an overview of different smart grid applications, their benefits, characteristics, and requirements are presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Survey on Wearable Technology: History, State-of-the-Art and Current Challenges
Aleksandr Ometov,Viktoriia Shubina,Lucie Klus,Justyna Skibinska,Salwa Saafi,Pavel Pascacio,Laura Flueratoru,Darwin Quezada Gaibor,Nadezhda Chukhno,Olga Chukhno,Asad Ali,Asma Channa,Ekaterina Svertoka,Ekaterina Svertoka,Waleed Bin Qaim,Raúl Casanova-Marqués,Raúl Casanova-Marqués,Sylvia Holcer,Sylvia Holcer,Joaquín Torres-Sospedra,Sven Casteleyn,Giuseppe Ruggeri,Giuseppe Araniti,Radim Burget,Jiri Hosek,Elena Simona Lohan +25 more
TL;DR: An extensive and diverse classification of wearables, based on various factors, a discussion on wireless communication technologies, architectures, data processing aspects, and market status, as well as a variety of other actual information on wearable technology are provided.
Journal ArticleDOI
Smartphone Inertial Sensor-Based Indoor Localization and Tracking With iBeacon Corrections
TL;DR: This paper applies a recent technology, iBeacon, to occasionally calibrate the drift of the PDR approach, and defines an efficient calibration range where an extended Kalman filter is utilized.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
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Proceedings ArticleDOI
The Horus WLAN location determination system
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A Survey of Indoor Inertial Positioning Systems for Pedestrians
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Enhancements to the RADAR User Location and Tracking System
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Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms Specification
TL;DR: NTP version 4 (NTPv4), which is backwards compatible with NTP version 3 (N TPv3), described in RFC 1305, as well as previous versions of the protocol, are described.
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