Journal ArticleDOI
Location Fingerprinting With Bluetooth Low Energy Beacons
Ramsey Faragher,Robert Harle +1 more
TLDR
This work provides a detailed study of BLE fingerprinting using 19 beacons distributed around a ~600 m2 testbed to position a consumer device, and investigates the choice of key parameters in a BLE positioning system, including beacon density, transmit power, and transmit frequency.Abstract:
The complexity of indoor radio propagation has resulted in location-awareness being derived from empirical fingerprinting techniques, where positioning is performed via a previously-constructed radio map, usually of WiFi signals. The recent introduction of the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) radio protocol provides new opportunities for indoor location. It supports portable battery-powered beacons that can be easily distributed at low cost, giving it distinct advantages over WiFi. However, its differing use of the radio band brings new challenges too. In this work, we provide a detailed study of BLE fingerprinting using 19 beacons distributed around a $\sim\! 600\ \mbox{m}^2$ testbed to position a consumer device. We demonstrate the high susceptibility of BLE to fast fading, show how to mitigate this, and quantify the true power cost of continuous BLE scanning. We further investigate the choice of key parameters in a BLE positioning system, including beacon density, transmit power, and transmit frequency. We also provide quantitative comparison with WiFi fingerprinting. Our results show advantages to the use of BLE beacons for positioning. For one-shot (push-to-fix) positioning we achieve $30\ \mbox{m}^2$ ), compared to $100\ \mbox{m}^2$ ) and < 8.5 m for an established WiFi network in the same area.read more
Citations
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Proceedings ArticleDOI
Rethinking ranging of unmodified BLE peripherals in smart city infrastructure
TL;DR: This paper exploits characteristics of BLE protocol and proposes a technique to directly estimate the range of a BLE peripheral from a Ble access point by multipath profiling and achieves a 2.44m absolute range estimation error on average.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
Trilateration, Fingerprinting, and Centroid: Taking Indoor Positioning with Bluetooth LE to the Wild
TL;DR: This paper investigates how established positioning approaches, namely trilateration, fingerprinting, and centroid, respond to the impact of the crowd and shows that for a setup with randomly distributed beacons a density of one beacon per 40 square meter is a sweet spot beyond which accuracy does not further increase.
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Increasing Coverage of Indoor Localization Systems for EEE112 Support
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TL;DR: This work proposes a technique for enhancing cellular-based indoor localization fingerprinting systems by automatically increasing the spatial density of the reference points by generating synthetic measurements for virtually all points in the environment to cover inaccessible places.
Journal ArticleDOI
Higher Education Check-Ins: Exploring the User Experience of Hybrid Location Sensing
TL;DR: This work explores how university students apply two different mechanisms, i.e., automatic and manual location-sharing services, to conduct check-ins for an academic purpose (i.e, students sharing their class attendance with their instructor).
Journal ArticleDOI
Simultaneous Indoor Pedestrian Localization and House Mapping Based on Inertial Measurement Unit and Bluetooth Low-Energy Beacon Data
TL;DR: This is the first method that includes the beacons’ data movement as activity-related events in a method for pedestrian Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM), and could point to a promising roadmap towards the development of simultaneous localization and home mapping system based only on one IMU and a few BLE beacons.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Survey of Wireless Indoor Positioning Techniques and Systems
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Proceedings ArticleDOI
The Horus WLAN location determination system
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Journal ArticleDOI
A Survey of Indoor Inertial Positioning Systems for Pedestrians
TL;DR: It is concluded that PDR techniques alone can offer good short- to medium- term tracking under certain circumstances, but that regular absolute position fixes from partner systems will be needed to ensure long-term operation and to cope with unexpected behaviours.
Enhancements to the RADAR User Location and Tracking System
TL;DR: This paper analyzes shortcomings of the basic system, develops and evaluates solutions to address these shortcomings, and describes several new enhancements, including a novel access point-based environmental profiling scheme, and a Viterbi-like algorithm for continuous user tracking and disambiguation of candidate user locations.
Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms Specification
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