Journal ArticleDOI
Location Fingerprinting With Bluetooth Low Energy Beacons
Ramsey Faragher,Robert Harle +1 more
TLDR
This work provides a detailed study of BLE fingerprinting using 19 beacons distributed around a ~600 m2 testbed to position a consumer device, and investigates the choice of key parameters in a BLE positioning system, including beacon density, transmit power, and transmit frequency.Abstract:
The complexity of indoor radio propagation has resulted in location-awareness being derived from empirical fingerprinting techniques, where positioning is performed via a previously-constructed radio map, usually of WiFi signals. The recent introduction of the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) radio protocol provides new opportunities for indoor location. It supports portable battery-powered beacons that can be easily distributed at low cost, giving it distinct advantages over WiFi. However, its differing use of the radio band brings new challenges too. In this work, we provide a detailed study of BLE fingerprinting using 19 beacons distributed around a $\sim\! 600\ \mbox{m}^2$ testbed to position a consumer device. We demonstrate the high susceptibility of BLE to fast fading, show how to mitigate this, and quantify the true power cost of continuous BLE scanning. We further investigate the choice of key parameters in a BLE positioning system, including beacon density, transmit power, and transmit frequency. We also provide quantitative comparison with WiFi fingerprinting. Our results show advantages to the use of BLE beacons for positioning. For one-shot (push-to-fix) positioning we achieve $30\ \mbox{m}^2$ ), compared to $100\ \mbox{m}^2$ ) and < 8.5 m for an established WiFi network in the same area.read more
Citations
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Proceedings ArticleDOI
Inference Machines for supervised Bluetooth localization
TL;DR: This work proposes an approach to apply supervised learning to pedestrian localization, which is based on the Inference Machines framework, and shows that this approach can improve the accuracy of Bluetooth-based localization with a small number of training examples.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
Gaussian processes online observation classification for RSSI-based low-cost indoor positioning systems
TL;DR: The experimental results achieved using hardware show that available positioning algorithms can benefit from incorporating the classifier into their measurement model as a meta-sensor modeling technique.
Journal ArticleDOI
Multi-sensor fusion approach for improving map-based indoor pedestrian localization
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that the proposed approach can improve the localization accuracy by utilizing multi-sensor data and fulfill the feasibility requirements of localization in an indoor navigation system.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
WBF-PS: WiGig Beam Fingerprinting for UAV Positioning System in GPS-denied Environments
TL;DR: A practical non-GPS positioning system for UAVs, named WBF-PS (WiGig Beam Fingerprinting based Positioning System), using low-power, off-the-shelf WiGig devices and formulated a 3-dimensional beam fingerprint for the positioning by leveraging the diversity of available transmitter/receiver beams and the link quality.
Journal ArticleDOI
An Improved Bluetooth Indoor Positioning Method Using Dynamic Fingerprint Window.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed an improved Bluetooth indoor positioning method using a dynamic fingerprint window (DFW-WKNN), which can be dynamically adjusted according to the indoor pedestrian movement and always covers the maximum possible range of the next positioning.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Survey of Wireless Indoor Positioning Techniques and Systems
TL;DR: Comprehensive performance comparisons including accuracy, precision, complexity, scalability, robustness, and cost are presented.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
The Horus WLAN location determination system
TL;DR: The Horus system identifies different causes for the wireless channel variations and addresses them and uses location-clustering techniques to reduce the computational requirements of the algorithm and the lightweight Horus algorithm helps in supporting a larger number of users by running the algorithm at the clients.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Survey of Indoor Inertial Positioning Systems for Pedestrians
TL;DR: It is concluded that PDR techniques alone can offer good short- to medium- term tracking under certain circumstances, but that regular absolute position fixes from partner systems will be needed to ensure long-term operation and to cope with unexpected behaviours.
Enhancements to the RADAR User Location and Tracking System
TL;DR: This paper analyzes shortcomings of the basic system, develops and evaluates solutions to address these shortcomings, and describes several new enhancements, including a novel access point-based environmental profiling scheme, and a Viterbi-like algorithm for continuous user tracking and disambiguation of candidate user locations.
Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms Specification
TL;DR: NTP version 4 (NTPv4), which is backwards compatible with NTP version 3 (N TPv3), described in RFC 1305, as well as previous versions of the protocol, are described.
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