Mosquito antiviral defense mechanisms: a delicate balance between innate immunity and persistent viral infection.
TLDR
This review provides an updated and concise summary of recent studies on mosquito antiviral immune responses, which is a key determinant for successful virus transmission and current mosquito transmission-blocking strategies that utilize genetically modified mosquitoes and Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes for resistance to pathogens.Abstract:
Mosquito-borne diseases are associated with major global health burdens. Aedes spp. and Culex spp. are primarily responsible for the transmission of the most medically important mosquito-borne viruses, including dengue virus, West Nile virus and Zika virus. Despite the burden of these pathogens on human populations, the interactions between viruses and their mosquito hosts remain enigmatic. Viruses enter the midgut of a mosquito following the mosquito’s ingestion of a viremic blood meal. During infection, virus recognition by the mosquito host triggers their antiviral defense mechanism. Of these host defenses, activation of the RNAi pathway is the main antiviral mechanism, leading to the degradation of viral RNA, thereby inhibiting viral replication and promoting viral clearance. However, whilst antiviral host defense mechanisms limit viral replication, the mosquito immune system is unable to effectively clear the virus. As such, these viruses can establish persistent infection with little or no fitness cost to the mosquito vector, ensuring life-long transmission to humans. Understanding of the mosquito innate immune response enables the discovery of novel antivectorial strategies to block human transmission. This review provides an updated and concise summary of recent studies on mosquito antiviral immune responses, which is a key determinant for successful virus transmission. In addition, we will also discuss the factors that may contribute to persistent infection in mosquito hosts. Finally, we will discuss current mosquito transmission-blocking strategies that utilize genetically modified mosquitoes and Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes for resistance to pathogens.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Mosquito-Specific Viruses-Transmission and Interaction.
TL;DR: An update on the different MSVs discovered so far is given and current data on their transmission and interaction with the mosquito immune system as well as the effect MSVs could have on an arboviruses-co-infection is described.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Review: Aedes-Borne Arboviral Infections, Controls and Wolbachia-Based Strategies.
Samson T. Ogunlade,Michael T. Meehan,Adeshina I. Adekunle,Diana Patricia Rojas,Oyelola A. Adegboye,Emma S. McBryde +5 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of the use of Wolbachia-based control to suppress vector population growth or disrupt viral transmission and identify literature gaps that will be instrumental in developing models to estimate the impact of these control strategies.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cas13b-dependent and Cas13b-independent RNA knockdown of viral sequences in mosquito cells following guide RNA expression
Priscilla Ying Lei Tng,Priscilla Ying Lei Tng,Leonela Zusel Carabajal Paladino,Sebald Verkuijl,Sebald Verkuijl,Jessica Purcell,Jessica Purcell,Andres Merits,Philip T. Leftwich,Philip T. Leftwich,Rennos Fragkoudis,Rennos Fragkoudis,Rob Noad,Luke Alphey +13 more
TL;DR: This study provides support for the potential use of Cas13b in mosquitoes, but also caution in interpreting CRISPR/Cas data as it is shown that guide RNAs can have Cas-independent effects.
Journal ArticleDOI
Temperature modulates immune gene expression in mosquitoes during arbovirus infection.
B. M. C. Randika Wimalasiri-Yapa,B. M. C. Randika Wimalasiri-Yapa,Roberto A. Barrero,Liesel Stassen,Louise M. Hafner,Elizabeth A. McGraw,Alyssa T. Pyke,Cassie C. Jansen,Andreas Suhrbier,Laith Yakob,Wenbiao Hu,Gregor J. Devine,Francesca D. Frentiu +12 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used chikungunya virus (CHIKV) to understand how the mosquito transcriptome responds to arbovirus infection at different ambient temperatures, and found that higher temperature correlated with higher virus levels, particularly at 3 days post infection, but lower temperature resulted in reduced virus levels.
Journal ArticleDOI
Activation of Toll Immune Pathway in an Insect Vector Induced by a Plant Virus.
Yu-Juan He,Gang Lu,Yu-Hua Qi,Yan Zhang,Xiao-Di Zhang,Hai-Jian Huang,Ji-Chong Zhuo,Zongtao Sun,Fei Yan,Jianping Chen,Jianping Chen,Chuan-Xi Zhang,Junmin Li +12 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used rice stripe virus (RSV) and its insect vector (small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus) as a model, and found that the Toll pathway was activated upon RSV infection.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans
Andrew Fire,SiQun Xu,Mary K. Montgomery,Steven A. Kostas,Steven A. Kostas,Samuel E. Driver,Craig C. Mello +6 more
TL;DR: To their surprise, it was found that double-stranded RNA was substantially more effective at producing interference than was either strand individually, arguing against stochiometric interference with endogenous mRNA and suggesting that there could be a catalytic or amplification component in the interference process.
Journal ArticleDOI
Autophagy fights disease through cellular self-digestion
TL;DR: Understanding autophagy may ultimately allow scientists and clinicians to harness this process for the purpose of improving human health, and to play a role in cell death.
Journal ArticleDOI
Antimicrobial and host-defense peptides as new anti-infective therapeutic strategies.
TL;DR: The role of cationic host-defense peptides in modulating the innate immune response and boosting infection-resolving immunity while dampening potentially harmful pro-inflammatory (septic) responses gives these peptides the potential to become an entirely new therapeutic approach against bacterial infections.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Canonical Notch Signaling Pathway: Unfolding the Activation Mechanism
TL;DR: This Review highlights recent studies in Notch signaling that reveal new molecular details about the regulation of ligand-mediated receptor activation, receptor proteolysis, and target selection.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Host Defense of Drosophila melanogaster
Bruno Lemaitre,Jules A. Hoffmann +1 more
TL;DR: The current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying Drosophila defense reactions together with strategies evolved by pathogens to evade them are reviewed.