Oligodendrocytes: Myelination and Axonal Support
Mikael Simons,Klaus-Armin Nave +1 more
TLDR
The current understanding of how myelin is generated and also the role of oligodendrocytes in supporting the long-term integrity of myelinated axons are summarized.Abstract:
Myelinated nerve fibers have evolved to enable fast and efficient transduction of electrical signals in the nervous system. To act as an electric insulator, the myelin sheath is formed as a multilamellar membrane structure by the spiral wrapping and subsequent compaction of the oligodendroglial plasma membrane around central nervous system (CNS) axons. Current evidence indicates that the myelin sheath is more than an inert insulating membrane structure. Oligodendrocytes are metabolically active and functionally connected to the subjacent axon via cytoplasmic-rich myelinic channels for movement of macromolecules to and from the internodal periaxonal space under the myelin sheath. This review summarizes our current understanding of how myelin is generated and also the role of oligodendrocytes in supporting the long-term integrity of myelinated axons.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Myelin in the Central Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Pathology.
TL;DR: The biology of myelin, the expanded relationship of myelinating oligodendrocytes with its underlying axons and the neighboring cells, and its disturbances in various diseases such as multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and neuromyELitis optica spectrum disorders are reviewed.
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Schwann Cell Myelination
TL;DR: Current understanding of the development, molecular organization, and function of the myelinating Schwann cells is reviewed and recent findings into the extrinsic signals that drive Schwann cell myelination, their cognate receptors, and the downstream intracellular signaling pathways they activate are described.
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Glia in mammalian development and disease.
J. Bradley Zuchero,Ben A. Barres +1 more
TL;DR: The origins of glia are reviewed, their diverse roles during neural development and their contribution to plasticity and disease in the adult mammalian nervous system are discussed.
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Oligodendroglia: metabolic supporters of neurons
TL;DR: This Review will discuss the current understanding of this metabolic supportive function of oligodendrocytes and its potential impact in human neurodegenerative disease and related animal models.
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Modeling Alzheimer's disease with iPSC-derived brain cells.
TL;DR: Developing iPSC-based systems and genome editing tools will be critical in understanding the roles of the numerous new genes and mutations found to modify Alzheimer’s disease risk in the past decade.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Biology of Oligodendrocyte and Myelin in the Mammalian Central Nervous System
TL;DR: This review deals with the recent progress related to the origin and differentiation of the oligodendrocytes, their relationships to other neural cells, and functional neuroglial interactions under physiological conditions and in demyelinating diseases.
Journal ArticleDOI
Programmed cell death and the control of cell survival: lessons from the nervous system
TL;DR: This neurotrophic strategy for the regulation of neuronal numbers may be only one example of a general mechanism that helps to regulate the numbers of many other vertebrate cell types, which also require signals from other cells to survive.
Journal ArticleDOI
Myelination in rat brain: method of myelin isolation.
TL;DR: The myelin prepared from 20‐day animals had the highest content of the first three constituents and the values of the four constituents were relatively constant per unit weight of myelin; the amounts of nucleic acid and ganglioside recovered in the myelin fractions increased with increasing age and myelin yield.
Journal ArticleDOI
Oligodendroglia metabolically support axons and contribute to neurodegeneration
Youngjin Lee,Brett M. Morrison,Yun Li,Sylvain Lengacher,Mohamed H. Farah,Paul N. Hoffman,Yiting Liu,Akivaga Tsingalia,Lin Jin,Ping Wu Zhang,Luc Pellerin,Pierre J. Magistretti,Jeffrey D. Rothstein +12 more
TL;DR: It is shown that the most abundant lactate transporter in the central nervous system, monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1, also known as SLC16A1), is highly enriched within oligodendroglia and that disruption of this transporter produces axon damage and neuron loss in animal and cell culture models.
Journal ArticleDOI
Glycolytic oligodendrocytes maintain myelin and long-term axonal integrity
Ursula Fünfschilling,Lotti Marianna Supplie,Don J. Mahad,Don J. Mahad,Susann Boretius,Aiman S. Saab,Julia M. Edgar,Bastian G. Brinkmann,Celia M. Kassmann,Iva D. Tzvetanova,Wiebke Möbius,Francisca Diaz,Dies Meijer,Ueli Suter,Bernd Hamprecht,Michael W. Sereda,Carlos T. Moraes,Jens Frahm,Sandra Goebbels,Klaus-Armin Nave +19 more
TL;DR: By in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy, brain lactate concentrations in mutants were increased compared with controls, but were detectable only in mice exposed to volatile anaesthetics, which indicates that aerobic glycolysis products derived from oligodendrocytes are rapidly metabolized within white matter tracts.
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Glycolytic oligodendrocytes maintain myelin and long-term axonal integrity
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