Perineuronal nets stabilize the grid cell network
Ane Charlotte Christensen,Kristian Kinden Lensjø,Mikkel Elle Lepperød,Svenn-Arne Dragly,Hallvard Sutterud,Jan Sigurd Blackstad,Marianne Fyhn,Torkel Hafting +7 more
TLDR
It is shown that removal of perineuronal nets leads to lower inhibitory spiking activity, and reduces grid cells’ ability to create stable representations of a novel environment, and that PNN removal in entorhinal cortex distorted spatial representations in downstream hippocampal neurons.Abstract:
Grid cells are part of a widespread network which supports navigation and spatial memory. Stable grid patterns appear late in development, in concert with extracellular matrix aggregates termed perineuronal nets (PNNs) that condense around inhibitory neurons. It has been suggested that PNNs stabilize synaptic connections and long-term memories, but their role in the grid cell network remains elusive. We show that removal of PNNs leads to lower inhibitory spiking activity, and reduces grid cells' ability to create stable representations of a novel environment. Furthermore, in animals with disrupted PNNs, exposure to a novel arena corrupted the spatiotemporal relationships within grid cell modules, and the stored representations of a familiar arena. Finally, we show that PNN removal in entorhinal cortex distorted spatial representations in downstream hippocampal neurons. Together this work suggests that PNNs provide a key stabilizing element for the grid cell network.read more
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Viral infection and transmission in a large, well-traced outbreak caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant
Jing Lu,Jing Lu,Baisheng Li,Baisheng Li,Aiping Deng,Aiping Deng,Kuibiao Li,Yao Hu,Yao Hu,Zhencui Li,Zhencui Li,Qianlin Xiong,Qianlin Xiong,Zhe Liu,Zhe Liu,Qianfang Guo,Qianfang Guo,Lirong Zou,Lirong Zou,Huan Zhang,Huan Zhang,Meng Zhang,Meng Zhang,Fangzhu Ouyang,Fangzhu Ouyang,Juan Su,Juan Su,Wenzhe Su,Jing Xu,Jing Xu,Huifang Lin,Huifang Lin,Jing Sun,Jing Sun,Jinju Peng,Jinju Peng,Huimin Jiang,Huimin Jiang,Pingping Zhou,Pingping Zhou,Huanying Zheng,Huanying Zheng,Jianpeng Xiao,Jianpeng Xiao,Tao Liu,Tao Liu,Rongfei Che,Rongfei Che,Hanri Zeng,Hanri Zeng,Zhonghua Zheng,Zhonghua Zheng,Yushi Huang,Yushi Huang,Jianxiang Yu,Jianxiang Yu,Lina Yi,Lina Yi,Jie Wu,Jie Wu,Jing-diao Chen,Jing-diao Chen,Haojie Zhong,Haojie Zhong,Xiaoling Deng,Xiaoling Deng,Min Kang,Min Kang,Oliver G. Pybus,Matthew Hall,Katrina A. Lythgoe,Yan Li,Yan Li,Jun Yuan,Jianfeng He,Jianfeng He +75 more
TL;DR: Daily sequential PCR testing of the quarantined subjects indicated that the viral loads of Delta infections, when they first become PCR+, were on average ~1000 times greater compared to A/B lineage infections during initial epidemic wave in China in 2020, suggesting potentially faster viral replication and greater infectiousness of Delta during early infection.
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Infliximab is associated with attenuated immunogenicity to BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with IBD.
Nicholas A. Kennedy,Simeng Lin,James R Goodhand,Neil Chanchlani,Benjamin Hamilton,Claire Bewshea,Rachel Nice,Desmond Chee,JR Fraser Cummings,Aileen Fraser,Peter M. Irving,Nikolaos Kamperidis,Klaartje Kok,Christopher A. Lamb,Jonathan Macdonald,Shameer Mehta,Richard Pollok,Tim Raine,Philip J Smith,Ajay Verma,Simon Jochum,Timothy J. McDonald,Shaji Sebastian,Charlie W. Lees,Charlie W. Lees,Nick Powell,Tariq Ahmad +26 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated whether patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with infliximab have attenuated serological responses to a single dose of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
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Viral infection and Transmission in a large well-traced outbreak caused by the Delta SARS-CoV-2 variant
Baisheng Li,Baisheng Li,Aiping Deng,Aiping Deng,Kuibiao Li,Yao Hu,Yao Hu,Zhencui Li,Zhencui Li,Qianling Xiong,Qianling Xiong,Zhe Liu,Zhe Liu,Qianfang Guo,Qianfang Guo,Lirong Zou,Lirong Zou,Huan Zhang,Huan Zhang,Meng Zhang,Meng Zhang,Fangzhu Ouyang,Fangzhu Ouyang,Juan Su,Juan Su,Wenzhe Su,Jing Xu,Jing Xu,Huifang Lin,Huifang Lin,Jing Sun,Jing Sun,Jinju Peng,Jinju Peng,Huimin Jiang,Huimin Jiang,Pingping Zhou,Pingping Zhou,Ting Hu,Ting Hu,Min Luo,Min Luo,Yingtao Zhang,Yingtao Zhang,Huanying Zheng,Huanying Zheng,Jianpeng Xiao,Jianpeng Xiao,Tao Liu,Tao Liu,Rongfei Che,Rongfei Che,Hanri Zeng,Hanri Zeng,Zhonghua Zheng,Zhonghua Zheng,Yushi Huang,Yushi Huang,Jianxiang Yu,Jianxiang Yu,Lina Yi,Lina Yi,Jie Wu,Jie Wu,Jing-diao Chen,Jing-diao Chen,Haojie Zhong,Haojie Zhong,Xiaoling Deng,Xiaoling Deng,Min Kang,Min Kang,Oliver G. Pybus,Matthew Hall,Katrina A. Lythgoe,Yan Li,Yan Li,Jun Yuan,Jianfeng He,Jianfeng He,Jing Lu,Jing Lu +81 more
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors reported the first local transmission of the Delta SARS-CoV-2 variant in mainland China and all 167 infections could be traced back to the first index case.
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The hyper-transmissible SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant exhibits significant antigenic change, vaccine escape and a switch in cell entry mechanism
Brian J. Willett,Joe Grove,Oscar A. MacLean,Craig Wilkie,Nicola S Logan,Giuditta De Lorenzo,Wilhelm Furnon,Samuel Scott,M. Manali,Agnieszka M. Szemiel,Shirin Ashraf,Elen Vink,William T. Harvey,Chris Davis,Richard J. Orton,Joseph Hughes,P Holland,Vanessa K. A. Silva,David J Pascall,Kathryn Puxty,Ana da Silva Filipe,Gonzalo Yebra,Sharif Shaaban Muhammad Shaaban,Matthew T. G. Holden,Rute Maria Pinto,Rory Gunson,Kate Templeton,Pablo R. Murcia,Arvind H. Patel,John Haughney,David Robertson,Massimo Palmarini,Surajit Ray,E. Thomson +33 more
TL;DR: It is shown that immunity from natural infection (without vaccination) is more protective than two doses of vaccine but inferior to three doses, and fundamental changes in the Omicron entry process in vitro, towards TMPRSS2-independent fusion, representing a major shift in the replication properties of SARS-CoV-2.
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Large-scale study of antibody titer decay following BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine or SARS-CoV-2 infection
Ariel Israel,Yotam Shenhar,Ilan Green,Eugene Merzon,Avivit Golan-Cohen,Alejandro A. Schäffer,Eytan Ruppin,Shlomo Vinker,Eli Magen +8 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies following administration of two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine, or infection in unvaccinated individuals.
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