Phosphoregulation of the autophagy machinery by kinases and phosphatases.
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In this paper, the authors summarize the current knowledge on kinases and phosphatases acting on the core autophagy machinery and discuss the relevance of phosphoregulation for the overall process of autophagocytosis.Abstract:
Eukaryotic cells use post-translational modifications to diversify and dynamically coordinate the function and properties of protein networks within various cellular processes. For example, the process of autophagy strongly depends on the balanced action of kinases and phosphatases. Highly conserved from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to humans, autophagy is a tightly regulated self-degradation process that is crucial for survival, stress adaptation, maintenance of cellular and organismal homeostasis, and cell differentiation and development. Many studies have emphasized the importance of kinases and phosphatases in the regulation of autophagy and identified many of the core autophagy proteins as their direct targets. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on kinases and phosphatases acting on the core autophagy machinery and discuss the relevance of phosphoregulation for the overall process of autophagy.read more
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References
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Characterization of autophagosome formation site by a hierarchical analysis of mammalian Atg proteins
Eisuke Itakura,Noboru Mizushima +1 more
TL;DR: Hierarchical analyses suggest that ULK1, Atg14 and VMP1 localize to the ER-associated autophagosome formation sites in a PI3-kinase activity-independent manner.
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Post-translational modifications in signal integration
TL;DR: The common principles of post-translational modifications and their importance in signal integration underlying epidermal growth factor receptor signaling and endocytosis, DNA-damage responses and immunity are reviewed.
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Hierarchy of Atg proteins in pre-autophagosomal structure organization.
TL;DR: Systematic and quantitative analysis by fluorescence microscopy suggests that Atg17p is the most basic protein in PAS organization: when it is specifically targeted to the plasma membrane, other Atg proteins are recruited to that location, suggesting that AtG17p acts as a scaffold protein to organize AtG proteins to the PAS.
Journal ArticleDOI
Differential Regulation of Distinct Vps34 Complexes by AMPK in Nutrient Stress and Autophagy
Joungmok Kim,Young Chul Kim,Chong Fang,Ryan C. Russell,Jeong Hee Kim,Weiliang Fan,Rong Liu,Qing Zhong,Kun-Liang Guan +8 more
TL;DR: It is shown that AMPK plays a key role in regulating different Vps34 complexes and Atg14L, an autophagy-essential gene present only in the proautophagy VPS34 complex, inhibits Vps 34 phosphorylation but increases Beclin1 phosphorylated by AMPK.
Journal ArticleDOI
Akt-Mediated Regulation of Autophagy and Tumorigenesis Through Beclin 1 Phosphorylation
Richard C. Wang,Yongjie Wei,Z. H. An,Zhongju Zou,Guanghua Xiao,Govind Bhagat,Michael A. White,Julia Reichelt,Beth Levine +8 more
TL;DR: It is shown that Beclin 1, an essential autophagy and tumor suppressor protein, is a target of the protein kinase Akt, and Akt-mediated phosphorylation of BeClin 1 functions in Autophagy inhibition, oncogenesis, and the formation of an autophile-inhibitory BeclIn 1/14-3-3/vimentin intermediate filament complex.
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