![Fig. 14. (a) Diiodostyryl BODIPY conjugated hyaluronic acid nanoparticles (DBHA-NPs). (b) Comparison of cell viabilities by MTT assay (l >600 nm). (c) The relationship between tumor volume and treatment time for the DBHA-NPs in the HCT-116 mouse model tumor cells via tail vein injection. Twenty-four mice were randomly assigned into four groups (6 mice per group), including saline with light, HA with light, DBHA–NPs without light and DBHA-NPs with light. (d) Typical photographs of tumor-bearing mice treated at different times. Adapted with permission from Ref. [84]. Copyright 2016, Royal Society of Chemistry.](/figures/fig-14-a-diiodostyryl-bodipy-conjugated-hyaluronic-acid-26c2j47n.webp)
![Fig. 15. Proposed Reaction of 29 with 1O2. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [85]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society.](/figures/fig-15-proposed-reaction-of-29-with-1o2-reprinted-with-1d3k6wbs.webp)
Q2. What are the advantages of organic dyes?
Organic dyes, like BODIPY dyes, also play a significant role acting as photocatalystsinstead of metal containing catalysts ascribed to having advantageous properties such as low toxicity, ease of functionalization and low cost.
Q3. What is the effect of mDestroy on the bacterial cell membrane?
mDestroy exhibited 99–99.99% inactivation of four bacterial stains with selectivity in the presence of mammalian cells, besides mSeek, non-halogenated derivative of mDestroy, used for fluorescence imaging and detection with a CCD camera.
Q4. How is the singlet oxygen generation restored?
While singlet oxygen generation capability is restored, fluorescence is also reinstated by the removal of the electron-sink quencher in 30 min with 80% yield, so that the progress of the cleavage reaction can be monitored.
Q5. What is the way to test the APDT efficiency of compound 25?
Since APDT is a viable method where antibiotic treatment is inefficient, experiments with compound 25 showed decrement in the cell viability at even 2.5 mM and prevention of regrowth due to photoinactivation.
Q6. What is the effect of aza-BODIPY on the cell viability?
in order to obtain NIR absorption/emission nitrogen atom can be incorporated on meso position of BODIPY dyes, forming so called aza-BODIPY dye.
Q7. What is the efficient way to generate singlet oxygen?
Under irradiation at 660 nm, the dye produces singlet oxygen most efficiently – about 6-foldonly when pyridine groups are protonated in acidic media and PET is quenched in the presence of Na+ ions, thus an AND logic gate is proposed where singlet oxygen is the output.
Q8. What is the effect of alkyl substitutions on pyrrole moieties?
alkyl substitutions on pyrrole moieties were reported to decrease singlet oxygen generation efficiency and fluorescence.
Q9. What is the main reason for the formation of dyads with fulleren?
This relies on the fact that fullerene structure has low-lying singlet excited state, enabling the energy transfer from chromophore to fullerene.
Q10. What is the significance of BODIPY dyes?
With the great degree of functionalization feasibility, excellent thermal and photochemical stability, high singlet oxygen quantum yield and good solubility, BODIPY dyes are also possible candidates for photooxidation reactions, yet in this context only direct singlet oxygen involved catalytic systems are discussed.
Q11. What are the drawbacks of organometallic catalysts?
Considering drawbacks of organometallic catalysts such as requirement of UV-light, high toxicity and cost, scientists tend to find new organic catalysts for oxidation reactions.
Q12. What is the role of the trap in the synthesis of a singlet oxygen?
The trap moiety is both an efficient PET donor which quenches the singlet oxygen generation capability of BODIPY unit and a good physical 1O2 quencher itself.
Q13. What is the versatile functionalization of BODIPY?
2. Longer wavelength absorbing/emitting, aromatic group fuseAnother versatile functionalization of BODIPY derivatives was reported by You and co-workers [37].
Q14. What is the effect of PET on the singlet oxygen generation ability?
when it reacts with ROS, PET is deactivated, and photosensitizer regains the singlet oxygen generation ability by around 40-fold (Fig. 15).
Q15. What is the main reason why a vesicle can be loaded with chemotherapy drug?
Vesicles formed from BODIPY dye and pillar[5]arene with host–guest chemistry can be efficaciously loaded with chemotherapy drug DOX [56].
Q16. What is the common way BODIPY dyes have been manipulated?
BODIPY dyes have been manipulated in several ways for photocatalytic applications, one of which is formation of dyads with fullerene.
Q17. What is the role of aza-BODIPY in photocatalysis?
the aza-BODIPY derivatives showed high singlet oxygen generation capability, Ramaiah and co-workers synthesized halogenated aza-BODIPY dyes and explored their use asphotooxygenation catalysts for 1-naphthol oxidation into juglone [134].
Q18. What is the main drawback of orthogonal BODIPYs?
There are several methods to modify BODIPY dyes, one of which is fusion of aromatic groups into the structure through several mechanisms.
Q19. What is the main drawback of the dimeric structure of BODIPYs?
Another approach toward formation of singlet oxygen without utilizing heavy atoms is dimeric structure of BODIPY dyes reported by Krüger and co-workers [33].
Q20. What is the effect of the macromolecule on the cell membrane of S. aureus and?
The results indicated that the macromolecule disturbs the cell membrane of the S. aureus and P. aeruginosa bacteria leading the apoptotic cell death as shown in the SEM images in Fig.
Q21. What is the PD-MBC value for the pre-activated compound?
The PD-MBC (Photodynamic Minimum Bactericidal Concentration) value for the pre-activated compound by ROS was determined as 10 mM, and PD-MIC (Photodynamic Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) was reported as 10 mM under light irradiation and 40 mM in dark conditions for the same compound.
Q22. What was the first human trial of PDT in mice?
Following this initial demonstration of PDT in mice, patients of bladder cancer became first subjects of human trials in 1976 [6].