Journal ArticleDOI
Role of Secondary Metabolites and Brassinosteroids in Plant Defense Against Environmental Stresses
TLDR
The present review focuses on current understanding of how plants respond to the generation of excessive ROS and the role of secondary metabolites and brassinosteroids in countering the adverse effects of environmental stresses.Abstract:
Being sessile, plants are subjected to a diverse array of environmental stresses during their life span. Exposure of plants to environmental stresses results in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These activated oxygen species tend to oxidize various cellular biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, a process that challenges the core existence of the cell. To prevent the accumulation of these ROS and to sustain their own survival, plants have developed an intricate antioxidative defence system. The antioxidative defence system comprises various enzymatic and nonenzymatic molecules, produced to counter the adverse effect of environmental stresses. A sizable number of these molecules belong to the category of compounds called secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites are organic compounds that are not directly involved in the growth and development of plants but perform specialized functions under a given set of conditions. Absence of secondary metabolites results in long-term impairment of the plant’s survivability. Such compounds generally include pigments, phenolics, and so on. Plant phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and lignin precursors have been reported to accumulate in response to various biotic and abiotic stresses and are regarded as crucial defence compounds that can scavenge harmful ROS. Another important category of plant metabolites, called brassinosteroids, exhibit stress regulatory and growth-promoting activity and are classified as phytohormones. Elucidation of the physiological and molecular effects of secondary metabolites and brassinosteroids have catapulted them as highly promising and environment-friendly natural substances, suitable for wider application in plant protection and crop yield promotion. The present review focuses on our current understanding of how plants respond to the generation of excessive ROS and the role of secondary metabolites and brassinosteroids in countering the adverse effects of environmental stresses.read more
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Potential Mechanisms of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants Induced by Thiourea.
Muhammad Ahmed Waqas,Cengiz Kaya,Adeel Riaz,Muhammad Farooq,Iqra Nawaz,Andreas Wilkes,Yue Li +6 more
TL;DR: The essential role of Thiourea-induced tolerance in improving performance of plants growing under abiotic stresses and potential mechanisms underlying TU-induced stress tolerance are discussed and exploitation of new avenues critical are highlighted.
Journal ArticleDOI
Echinochloa crus-galli genome analysis provides insight into its adaptation and invasiveness as a weed.
Longbiao Guo,Jie Qiu,Chu-Yu Ye,Gulei Jin,Lingfeng Mao,Haiqiang Zhang,Xue-Fang Yang,Qiong Peng,Ying-Ying Wang,Lei Jia,Zhangxiang Lin,Gengmi Li,Fei Fu,Chen Liu,Li Chen,Enhui Shen,Weidi Wang,Qinjie Chu,Dongya Wu,Sanling Wu,Chenyang Xia,Yongfei Zhang,Xiaomao Zhou,Lifeng Wang,Lamei Wu,Weijie Song,Yunfei Wang,Qingyao Shu,Daisuke Aoki,Emi Yumoto,Takao Yokota,Koji Miyamoto,Kazunori Okada,Do-Soon Kim,Daguang Cai,Chulong Zhang,Yonggen Lou,Qian Qian,Hirofumi Yamaguchi,Hisakazu Yamane,Chui-Hua Kong,Michael P. Timko,Lianyang Bai,Longjiang Fan +43 more
TL;DR: A draft genome sequence of the hexaploid species E. crus-galli is reported, and genes potentially underlying its success are identified, including a gene cluster activated in response to co-cultivation with rice that leads to synthesis of the allelochemical DIMBOA.
Journal ArticleDOI
Physiological Mechanism of Enhancing Salt Stress Tolerance of Perennial Ryegrass by 24-Epibrassinolide.
TL;DR: It is suggested that EBR treatment may improve salt stress tolerance by increasing the level of selected hormones and antioxidant enzyme activity, promoting accumulation of proline and ions (K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) in perennial ryegrass.
Journal ArticleDOI
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhances salinity tolerance of Panicum turgidum Forssk by altering photosynthetic and antioxidant pathways
Abeer Hashem,Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah,Abdulaziz A. Alqarawi,Abdullah Aldubise,Dilfuza Egamberdieva +4 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the response of Panicum turgidum to salinity and possible role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in enhancing the salt tolerance was assessed.
Journal ArticleDOI
24-Epibrassinolide (EBR) Confers Tolerance against NaCl Stress in Soybean Plants by Up-Regulating Antioxidant System, Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle, and Glyoxalase System.
Pravej Alam,Thamer H. Albalawi,Fahad H. Altalayan,Afroz Bakht,Mohammad Abass Ahanger,Vaseem Raja,Muhammad Ashraf,Parvaiz Ahmad,Parvaiz Ahmad +8 more
TL;DR: Overall, EBR supplementation regulated the salt tolerance mechanism in soybean plants by modulating osmolytes, activities of key enzymes, and the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES: Metabolism, Oxidative Stress, and Signal Transduction
Klaus Apel,Heribert Hirt +1 more
TL;DR: The mechanisms of ROS generation and removal in plants during development and under biotic and abiotic stress conditions are described and the possible functions and mechanisms for ROS sensing and signaling in plants are compared with those in animals and yeast.
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Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds
TL;DR: It is now possible to establish the antioxidant activities of plant-derived flavonoids in the aqueous and lipophilic phases, and to assess the extent to which the total antioxidant potentials of wine and tea can be accounted for by the activities of individual polyphenols.
Journal ArticleDOI
Understanding plant responses to drought — from genes to the whole plant
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Journal ArticleDOI
The antioxidants of higher plants
TL;DR: The evidence supports at least a partial antioxidant role in vivo for many classes of plant metabolite, and many other compounds as potential antioxidants can be inferred by their similarity to synthetic antioxidants of related structure.
Journal ArticleDOI
Biosynthesis of flavonoids and effects of stress.
TL;DR: The accumulation of red or purple flavonoids is a hallmark of plant stress and mounting evidence points to diverse physiological functions for these compounds in the stress response.