The Glymphatic System: A Beginner’s Guide
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TLDR
The glymphatic system is a recently discovered macroscopic waste clearance system that utilizes a unique system of perivascular tunnels, formed by astroglial cells, to promote efficient elimination of soluble proteins and metabolites from the central nervous system.Abstract:
The glymphatic system is a recently discovered macroscopic waste clearance system that utilizes a unique system of perivascular tunnels, formed by astroglial cells, to promote efficient elimination of soluble proteins and metabolites from the central nervous system. Besides waste elimination, the glymphatic system also facilitates brain-wide distribution of several compounds, including glucose, lipids, amino acids, growth factors, and neuromodulators. Intriguingly, the glymphatic system function mainly during sleep and is largely disengaged during wakefulness. The biological need for sleep across all species may therefore reflect that the brain must enter a state of activity that enables elimination of potentially neurotoxic waste products, including β-amyloid. Since the concept of the glymphatic system is relatively new, we will here review its basic structural elements, organization, regulation, and functions. We will also discuss recent studies indicating that glymphatic function is suppressed in various diseases and that failure of glymphatic function in turn might contribute to pathology in neurodegenerative disorders, traumatic brain injury and stroke.read more
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Book ChapterDOI
Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease
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Cerebral ventriculomegaly in myotonic dystrophy type 1: normal pressure hydrocephalus-like appearances on magnetic resonance imaging.
Saya Iida,Hiroko Seino,Fumiko Nagahata,Soichiro Tatsuo,Sho Maruyama,Seiko Kon,Hiroto Takada,Masashi Matsuzaka,Koichiro Sugimoto,Shingo Kakeda +9 more
TL;DR: An MRI study revealed a normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH)-like appearance as a morphologic finding accompanied by ventriculomegaly in DM1 that tends to occur in elderly patients.
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Origin of post-ictal and post-anesthesia adverse effects and possibly of SUDEP
TL;DR: In this article, a new measurement showed that this system can be much faster than what was estimated before, and the method enabling this speeding was actually measured in brains of epilepsy subjects.
Posted ContentDOI
Noninvasive Ultrasonic Glymphatic Induction Enhances Intrathecal Drug Delivery
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that a simple noninvasive transcranial ultrasound protocol significantly increases the brain parenchymal uptake of intrathecally administered drugs and antibodies and can be used as a means to probe the causal role of the glymphatic system in the variety of disease and physiologic processes to which it has been correlated.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families
Elizabeth H. Corder,Ann M. Saunders,Warren J. Strittmatter,Donald E. Schmechel,P. C. Gaskell,Gary W. Small,A. D. Roses,Jonathan L. Haines,Margaret A. Pericak-Vance +8 more
TL;DR: The APOE-epsilon 4 allele is associated with the common late onset familial and sporadic forms of Alzheimer9s disease (AD) in 42 families with late onset AD.
Journal ArticleDOI
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Journal ArticleDOI
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TL;DR: An anatomically distinct clearing system in the brain that serves a lymphatic-like function is described and may have relevance for understanding or treating neurodegenerative diseases that involve the mis-accumulation of soluble proteins, such as amyloid β in Alzheimer's disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance From the Adult Brain
Lulu Xie,Hongyi Kang,Qiwu Xu,Michael Chen,Yonghong Liao,Meenakshisundaram Thiyagarajan,John O’Donnell,Daniel J. Christensen,Charles Nicholson,Jeffrey J. Iliff,Takahiro Takano,Rashid Deane +11 more
TL;DR: It is reported that sleep has a critical function in ensuring metabolic homeostasis and convective fluxes of interstitial fluid increased the rate of β-amyloid clearance during sleep, suggesting the restorative function of sleep may be a consequence of the enhanced removal of potentially neurotoxic waste products that accumulate in the awake central nervous system.
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