The Glymphatic System: A Beginner’s Guide
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TLDR
The glymphatic system is a recently discovered macroscopic waste clearance system that utilizes a unique system of perivascular tunnels, formed by astroglial cells, to promote efficient elimination of soluble proteins and metabolites from the central nervous system.Abstract:
The glymphatic system is a recently discovered macroscopic waste clearance system that utilizes a unique system of perivascular tunnels, formed by astroglial cells, to promote efficient elimination of soluble proteins and metabolites from the central nervous system. Besides waste elimination, the glymphatic system also facilitates brain-wide distribution of several compounds, including glucose, lipids, amino acids, growth factors, and neuromodulators. Intriguingly, the glymphatic system function mainly during sleep and is largely disengaged during wakefulness. The biological need for sleep across all species may therefore reflect that the brain must enter a state of activity that enables elimination of potentially neurotoxic waste products, including β-amyloid. Since the concept of the glymphatic system is relatively new, we will here review its basic structural elements, organization, regulation, and functions. We will also discuss recent studies indicating that glymphatic function is suppressed in various diseases and that failure of glymphatic function in turn might contribute to pathology in neurodegenerative disorders, traumatic brain injury and stroke.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
The glymphatic system and subarachnoid hemorrhage: disruption and recovery
TL;DR: An overview of the glymphatic system, its disruption during subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAH), and its function in recovery following SAH is provided.
Journal ArticleDOI
Intracranial pressure and cerebral haemodynamics
Ashwini Oswal,Ahmed K. Toma +1 more
TL;DR: An overview of the physiological determinants of the ICP and cerebral blood flow is provided and how pathological states can compromise physiological compensatory mechanisms in order to potentially dangerous disturbances of theICP is illustrated.
Posted ContentDOI
Aquaporin-4 dependent glymphatic solute transport in rodent brain
Humberto Mestre,Benjamin T. Kress,Wenyan Zou,Tinglin Pu,Giridhar Murlidharan,Ruth M. Castellanos Rivera,Matthew J. Simon,Martin M. Pike,Benjamin A. Plog,Anna L.R. Xavier,Alexander S. Thrane,Iben Lundgaard,John H. Thomas,Ming Xiao,Aravind Asokan,Jeffrey J. Iliff +15 more
TL;DR: CSF tracer influx, as well as fluorescently-tagged amyloid-β efflux, are significantly faster in wild-type mice than in three different transgenic lines featuring disruption of the Aqp4 gene and one line in which AQP4 expression lacks the critical perivascular localization (Snta1 knockout).
Journal ArticleDOI
Reactive and Senescent Astroglial Phenotypes as Hallmarks of Brain Pathologies
TL;DR: The latest data regarding astrocyte reactivation and senescence is summarized, and similarities and differences between these phenotypes from morphological, functional, and molecular points of view are outlined.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Integrative Five-Fluid Circulation System in the Human Body
TL;DR: The positive correlation of chronic neuro degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson’s diseases and the insufficient brain wastes clearance by the glymphatic system is pointed out and the role played by the venous vessels as part of such clearance in upright posture is discussed.
References
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Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance From the Adult Brain
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