The Glymphatic System: A Beginner’s Guide
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TLDR
The glymphatic system is a recently discovered macroscopic waste clearance system that utilizes a unique system of perivascular tunnels, formed by astroglial cells, to promote efficient elimination of soluble proteins and metabolites from the central nervous system.Abstract:
The glymphatic system is a recently discovered macroscopic waste clearance system that utilizes a unique system of perivascular tunnels, formed by astroglial cells, to promote efficient elimination of soluble proteins and metabolites from the central nervous system. Besides waste elimination, the glymphatic system also facilitates brain-wide distribution of several compounds, including glucose, lipids, amino acids, growth factors, and neuromodulators. Intriguingly, the glymphatic system function mainly during sleep and is largely disengaged during wakefulness. The biological need for sleep across all species may therefore reflect that the brain must enter a state of activity that enables elimination of potentially neurotoxic waste products, including β-amyloid. Since the concept of the glymphatic system is relatively new, we will here review its basic structural elements, organization, regulation, and functions. We will also discuss recent studies indicating that glymphatic function is suppressed in various diseases and that failure of glymphatic function in turn might contribute to pathology in neurodegenerative disorders, traumatic brain injury and stroke.read more
Citations
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Visible Perivascular Spaces in Basal Ganglia Predict Cognitive Decline in Parkinson's Disease
Yae Won Park,Yae Won Park,Na-Young Shin,Seok Jong Chung,Jiwoong Kim,Soo Mee Lim,Phil Hyu Lee,Seung Koo Lee,Kook Jin Ahn +8 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated whether PVS can independently predict cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease and found that higher BG-PVS and white matter hyperintensity severity, higher levodopa-equivalent dose, hypertension, and lower Mini-Mental State Examination score were independent positive predictors of future cognitive decline.
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Cerebrospinal fluid hypersecretion in pediatric hydrocephalus.
Jason K. Karimy,Daniel Duran,Jamie K Hu,Charuta Gavankar,Jonathan Gaillard,Yasar Bayri,Hunter Rice,Michael L. DiLuna,Volodymyr Gerzanich,J. Marc Simard,Kristopher T. Kahle +10 more
TL;DR: Although the choroid plexus epithelium might have only an indirect influence on the pathogenesis of many types of pediatric hydrocephalus, the ability to modify CSF secretion with drugs newer than acetazolamide or furosemide would be an invaluable component of future therapies to alleviate permanent shunt dependence.
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Exploring Alzheimer's disease mouse brain through X-ray phase contrast tomography: From the cell to the organ
Lorenzo Massimi,Inna Bukreeva,Giulia Santamaria,Michela Fratini,Alessandro Corbelli,Francesco Brun,Stefano Fumagalli,Laura Maugeri,Alexandra Pacureanu,Peter Cloetens,Nicola Pieroni,Fabio Fiordaliso,Gianluigi Forloni,Antonio Uccelli,Nicole Kerlero de Rosbo,Claudia Balducci,Alessia Cedola +16 more
TL;DR: X‐ray phase contrast tomography emerges as added‐value technology to explore AD mouse brain as a whole, preserving tissue chemistry and structure, enabling the comparison of physiological vs. pathological states at the level of crucial disease targets.
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Elevation of brain-enriched miRNAs in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute ischemic stroke.
Sofie Sølvsten Sørensen,Ann-Britt Nygaard,Anting Liu Carlsen,Niels H. H. Heegaard,Mads Bak,Thomas Christensen +5 more
TL;DR: Several brain-enriched miRNAs are elevated in the CSF three days after stroke onset, suggesting that these mi RNAs reflect the brain damage caused by ischemia.
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Antibodies as Mediators of Brain Pathology
Lior Brimberg,Simone Mader,Yuichiro Fujieda,Yoshiyuki Arinuma,Czeslawa Kowal,Bruce T. Volpe,Betty Diamond +6 more
TL;DR: The circumstances associated with antibody entry into the brain, the routes of access and the mechanisms that then effect pathology are examined to reveal therapeutic strategies toward alleviating or preventing the neurological pathologies and behavioral abnormalities associated with autoimmune disease.
References
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