Journal ArticleDOI
The inheritance of liability to certain diseases, estimated from the incidence among relatives
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The purpose of this paper is to suggest that the method developed in quantitative genetics for dealing with ‘threshold characters ’ is applicable to data on the incidence of diseases, and that by its use the authors can get further towards an answer to the question of the relative importance of heredity and environment.Abstract:
It is now commonly recognized that many diseases that are not inherited in a simple manner have, nevertheless, some hereditary basis. The evidence that heredity plays some part comes from the observation that the incidence of the disease is higher among the relatives of affected individuals than it is in the general population. An increased incidence among relatives does not, however, go far toward providing an amwer to the important question of how strong the hereditary factor is, because the difference of incidence has no simple genetic interpretation. The relative importance of heredity and environment in such a case is clearly a problem of quantitative genetics. The usual methods of quantitative genetics, however, are not immediately applicable because these are based on correlations between relatives in respect of some ‘graded’ character measurable on a continuous scale Data in the form of incidences refer, in contrast, to an ‘all-or-none’ classification; individuals either have the disease or they do not. Though the affected individuals may sometimes be graded according to the degree of severity of their symptoms, the normal individuals, who are the majority, cannot be graded by the degree of their normality. The purpose of this paper is to suggest that the method developed in quantitative genetics for dealing with ‘threshold characters ’ is applicable to data on the incidence of diseases, and that by its use we can get further towards an answer to the question of the relative importance of heredity and environment. (A fuller account of the method as applied in quantitative genetics will be found in Falconer, 1960.) The question of most general interest about the genetic causation of a disease that is not simply inherited is probably the relative importance of heredity as a causative agent. This questioii is meaningful only when stated in terms of amounts of variation; i.e. the variation between individuals that causes some to be affected and some not. What fraction of this variation is attributable to genetic differences between individuals? This fraction may be called the ‘degree of genetic determination ’. Unfortumtely the degree of genetic determination cannot be estimated from human data, unless possibly by the use of twins, but a related quantity, the heritability ’, can be estimated. The distinction between the degree of genetic determination and the heritability is as follows. Two kinds of genetic variation have to be distinguished, ‘additive’ and ‘non-additive’. The additiw genetic variance is attributable to the average effects of genes considered singly, as transmitted in the gametes. The non-additive genetic variance is attributable to the additional effects of these genes when combined in diploid genotypes. It therefore arises from dominance and interaction between genes at different loci ; if there is no dominance or interaction there can be no non-additive variance. The degree ofread more
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GCTA: a tool for genome-wide complex trait analysis.
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Environmental and Heritable Factors in the Causation of Cancer — Analyses of Cohorts of Twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland
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Genetic Epidemiology of Major Depression: Review and Meta-Analysis
TL;DR: A meta-analysis of relevant data from primary studies of the genetic epidemiology of major depression suggested that familial aggregation was due to additive genetic effects, with a minimal contribution of environmental effects common to siblings and substantial individual-specific environmental effects/measurement error.
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Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: evidence from a British twin study.
Anthony J. Bailey,A. Le Couteur,Irving I. Gottesman,Patrick Bolton,Emily Simonoff,E. Yuzda,Michael Rutter +6 more
TL;DR: The findings indicate that autism is under a high degree of genetic control and suggest the involvement of multiple genetic loci.
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Synaptic, transcriptional and chromatin genes disrupted in autism
Silvia De Rubeis,Xin-Xin He,Arthur P. Goldberg,Christopher S. Poultney,Kaitlin E. Samocha,A. Ercument Cicek,Yan Kou,Li Liu,Menachem Fromer,Menachem Fromer,R. Susan Walker,Tarjinder Singh,Lambertus Klei,Jack A. Kosmicki,Shih-Chen Fu,Branko Aleksic,Monica Biscaldi,Patrick Bolton,Jessica M. Brownfeld,Jinlu Cai,Nicholas G. Campbell,Angel Carracedo,Angel Carracedo,Maria H. Chahrour,Andreas G. Chiocchetti,Hilary Coon,Emily L. Crawford,Lucy Crooks,Sarah Curran,Geraldine Dawson,Eftichia Duketis,Bridget A. Fernandez,Louise Gallagher,Evan T. Geller,Stephen J. Guter,R. Sean Hill,R. Sean Hill,Iuliana Ionita-Laza,Patricia Jiménez González,Helena Kilpinen,Sabine M. Klauck,Alexander Kolevzon,Irene Lee,Jing Lei,Terho Lehtimäki,Chiao-Feng Lin,Avi Ma'ayan,Christian R. Marshall,Alison L. McInnes,Benjamin M. Neale,Michael John Owen,Norio Ozaki,Mara Parellada,Jeremy R. Parr,Shaun Purcell,Kaija Puura,Deepthi Rajagopalan,Karola Rehnström,Abraham Reichenberg,Aniko Sabo,Michael Sachse,Stephen Sanders,Chad M. Schafer,Martin Schulte-Rüther,David Skuse,David Skuse,Christine Stevens,Peter Szatmari,Kristiina Tammimies,Otto Valladares,Annette Voran,Li-San Wang,Lauren A. Weiss,A. Jeremy Willsey,Timothy W. Yu,Timothy W. Yu,Ryan K. C. Yuen,Edwin H. Cook,Christine M. Freitag,Michael Gill,Christina M. Hultman,Thomas Lehner,Aarno Palotie,Aarno Palotie,Aarno Palotie,Gerard D. Schellenberg,Pamela Sklar,Matthew W. State,James S. Sutcliffe,Christopher A. Walsh,Christopher A. Walsh,Stephen W. Scherer,Michael E. Zwick,Jeffrey C. Barrett,David J. Cutler,Kathryn Roeder,Bernie Devlin,Mark J. Daly,Mark J. Daly,Joseph D. Buxbaum +99 more
TL;DR: Using exome sequencing, it is shown that analysis of rare coding variation in 3,871 autism cases and 9,937 ancestry-matched or parental controls implicates 22 autosomal genes at a false discovery rate of < 0.05, plus a set of 107 genes strongly enriched for those likely to affect risk (FDR < 0.30).
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Family studies and the cause of congenital club foot
TL;DR: The family history of, and associated congenital abnormalities in, patients with talipes equinovarus, talipes calcaneo-valgus and metatarsus varus living in Devonshire has been studied.
Journal ArticleDOI
The separate inheritance of gastric and duodenal ulcers.
Richard Doll,T. D. Kellock +1 more