The ischemic environment drives microglia and macrophage function.
Stefano Fumagalli,Stefano Fumagalli,Carlo Perego,Francesca Pischiutta,Elisa R. Zanier,Maria Grazia De Simoni +5 more
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TLDR
The selective responses of microglia and macrophages to hypoxia after stroke are discussed and relevant markers are reviewed with the aim of defining the different subpopulations of myeloid cells that are recruited to the injured site.Abstract:
Cells of myeloid origin, such as microglia and macrophages, act at the crossroads of several inflammatory mechanisms during pathophysiology. Besides pro-inflammatory activity (M1 polarization), myeloid cells acquire protective functions (M2) and participate in the neuroprotective innate mechanisms after brain injury. Experimental research is making considerable efforts to understand the rules that regulate the balance between toxic and protective brain innate immunity. Environmental changes affect microglia/macrophage functions. Hypoxia can affect myeloid cell distribution, activity, and phenotype. With their intrinsic differences, microglia and macrophages respond differently to hypoxia, the former depending on ATP to activate and the latter switching to anaerobic metabolism and adapting to hypoxia. Myeloid cell functions include homeostasis control, damage-sensing activity, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis, all distinctive features of these cells. Specific markers and morphologies enable to recognize each functional state. To ensure homeostasis and activate when needed, microglia/macrophage physiology is finely tuned. Microglia are controlled by several neuron-derived components, including contact-dependent inhibitory signals and soluble molecules. Changes in this control can cause chronic activation or priming with specific functional consequences. Strategies, such as stem cell treatment, may enhance microglia protective polarization. This review presents data from the literature that has greatly advanced our understanding of myeloid cell action in brain injury. We discuss the selective responses of microglia and macrophages to hypoxia after stroke and review relevant markers with the aim of defining the different subpopulations of myeloid cells that are recruited to the injured site. We also cover the functional consequences of chronically active microglia and review pivotal works on microglia regulation that offer new therapeutic possibilities for acute brain injury.read more
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Delayed Infiltration of Peripheral Monocyte Contributes to Phagocytosis and Transneuronal Degeneration in Chronic Stroke
TL;DR: In this article , the origin and function of macrophages in the brain during post-stroke repair processes was identified, and the stepwise and longlasting involvement of MDMs at multiple poststroke stages showed that MDMs have a role in progressive stroke-induced injury and repair processes.
Dissertation
Attenuation of morphine tolerance, reward, and spinal gliosis in neuropathic pain by ultra-low dose alpha2-adrenergic antagonists
TL;DR: The purpose and objectives of this book are to provide a systematic review of current and proposed mechanisms of action of ULD GPCR antagonists and to propose new approaches to treat neuropathic pain.
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β2 glycoprotein I participates in phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons and in vascular injury in experimental brain stroke
Claudia Grossi,Carolina Artusi,Pier Luigi Meroni,Maria Orietta Borghi,Laura Neglia,Paola Adele Lonati,Marco Oggioni,Francesco Tedesco,Maria Grazia De Simoni,Stefano Fumagalli +9 more
TL;DR: The main target of anti-phospholipid antibodies (aPL) in the autoimmune antiphospholympid syndrome, characterized by increased risk of stroke, is β2-GPI as discussed by the authors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Crosstalk between stressed brain cells: direct and indirect effects of ischemia and aglycemia on microglia
Monika Rabenstein,Sabine Ulrike Vay,Stefan Blaschke,Helene Luise Walter,Anne Ladwig,Gereon R. Fink,Maria Adele Rueger,Michael Schroeter +7 more
TL;DR: While metabolic stress directly and indirectly applied to microglia did not mitigate their subsequent response to inflammation, preconditioning with metabolic stress factors such as OGD and aglycemia elicited a decreased inflammatory response to a subsequent inflammation stimulus.
Journal ArticleDOI
The dual function of microglial polarization and its treatment targets in ischemic stroke
vindonaemt,Fábio Kamamoto +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors investigated the physiological characteristics and functions of microglia in the brain, the activation and phenotypic polarization of micro-glia and macrophages after stroke, the signaling mechanisms of polarization states, and the contribution of micro glia to brain pathology and repair.
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