The ischemic environment drives microglia and macrophage function.
Stefano Fumagalli,Stefano Fumagalli,Carlo Perego,Francesca Pischiutta,Elisa R. Zanier,Maria Grazia De Simoni +5 more
Reads0
Chats0
TLDR
The selective responses of microglia and macrophages to hypoxia after stroke are discussed and relevant markers are reviewed with the aim of defining the different subpopulations of myeloid cells that are recruited to the injured site.Abstract:
Cells of myeloid origin, such as microglia and macrophages, act at the crossroads of several inflammatory mechanisms during pathophysiology. Besides pro-inflammatory activity (M1 polarization), myeloid cells acquire protective functions (M2) and participate in the neuroprotective innate mechanisms after brain injury. Experimental research is making considerable efforts to understand the rules that regulate the balance between toxic and protective brain innate immunity. Environmental changes affect microglia/macrophage functions. Hypoxia can affect myeloid cell distribution, activity, and phenotype. With their intrinsic differences, microglia and macrophages respond differently to hypoxia, the former depending on ATP to activate and the latter switching to anaerobic metabolism and adapting to hypoxia. Myeloid cell functions include homeostasis control, damage-sensing activity, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis, all distinctive features of these cells. Specific markers and morphologies enable to recognize each functional state. To ensure homeostasis and activate when needed, microglia/macrophage physiology is finely tuned. Microglia are controlled by several neuron-derived components, including contact-dependent inhibitory signals and soluble molecules. Changes in this control can cause chronic activation or priming with specific functional consequences. Strategies, such as stem cell treatment, may enhance microglia protective polarization. This review presents data from the literature that has greatly advanced our understanding of myeloid cell action in brain injury. We discuss the selective responses of microglia and macrophages to hypoxia after stroke and review relevant markers with the aim of defining the different subpopulations of myeloid cells that are recruited to the injured site. We also cover the functional consequences of chronically active microglia and review pivotal works on microglia regulation that offer new therapeutic possibilities for acute brain injury.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Microglia: Housekeeper of the Central Nervous System.
John Alimamy Kabba,Yazhou Xu,Handson Christian,Wenchen Ruan,Kitchen Chenai,Yun Xiang,Luyong Zhang,Juan M. Saavedra,Tao Pang,Tao Pang +9 more
TL;DR: This review addresses the complex interaction of microglia with each cell type in the brain: neurons, astrocytes, cerebrovascular endothelial cells, and oligodendroCytes and their roles in the development and progression of age-related neurodegenerative disorders.
Journal ArticleDOI
Lymphatic drainage system of the brain: A novel target for intervention of neurological diseases
Bao-liang Sun,Li-hua Wang,Tuo Yang,Jing-yi Sun,Leilei Mao,Ming-feng Yang,Hui Yuan,Robert A. Colvin,Xiao-yi Yang +8 more
TL;DR: The clinical importance of ependymal route-based targeted gene therapy and intranasal drug administration in the brain by taking advantage of the unique role played by brain lymphatic pathways in the regulation of CSF flow and ISF/CSF exchange is highlighted.
Journal ArticleDOI
Contribution of metabolic reprogramming to macrophage plasticity and function.
TL;DR: It is proposed that in addition to their role in energy generation and regulation of apoptosis, mitochondria reprogram their metabolism to also participate in regulating macrophage activation and plasticity.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Involvement and Therapy Target of Immune Cells After Ischemic Stroke
TL;DR: The role of different immune cells after stroke in the secondary inflammatory reaction is discussed and the phenotypes and functions of macrophages in ischemic stroke are examined, as well as the anti-ischemic stroke therapy targeting macrophage is introduced.
Journal ArticleDOI
Metabolic Reprograming of Microglia in the Regulation of the Innate Inflammatory Response.
Clotilde Lauro,Cristina Limatola +1 more
TL;DR: The existing data on microglia metabolism and the connections with neuroinflammatory diseases are reviewed, highlighting how metabolic changes contribute to the homeostatic functions of microglial cells.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Alternative activation of macrophages
TL;DR: The evidence in favour of alternative macrophage activation by the TH2-type cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 is assessed, and its limits and relevance to a range of immune and inflammatory conditions are defined.
Journal ArticleDOI
The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization.
Alberto Mantovani,Alberto Mantovani,Antonio Sica,Silvano Sozzani,Silvano Sozzani,Paola Allavena,Annunciata Vecchi,Massimo Locati +7 more
TL;DR: Recent evidence suggests that differential modulation of the chemokine system integrates polarized macrophages in pathways of resistance to, or promotion of, microbial pathogens and tumors, or immunoregulation, tissue repair and remodeling.
Journal ArticleDOI
Macrophage polarization: tumor-associated macrophages as a paradigm for polarized M2 mononuclear phagocytes
Alberto Mantovani,Silvano Sozzani,Silvano Sozzani,Massimo Locati,Paola Allavena,Antonio Sica +5 more
TL;DR: These functionally polarized cells, and similarly oriented or immature dendritic cells present in tumors, have a key role in subversion of adaptive immunity and in inflammatory circuits that promote tumor growth and progression.
Journal ArticleDOI
Macrophage plasticity and polarization: in vivo veritas
Antonio Sica,Alberto Mantovani +1 more
TL;DR: The identification of mechanisms and molecules associated with macrophage plasticity and polarized activation provides a basis for Macrophage-centered diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Journal ArticleDOI
Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets
Peter J. Murray,Thomas A. Wynn +1 more
TL;DR: The four stages of orderly inflammation mediated by macrophages are discussed: recruitment to tissues; differentiation and activation in situ; conversion to suppressive cells; and restoration of tissue homeostasis.