The ischemic environment drives microglia and macrophage function.
Stefano Fumagalli,Stefano Fumagalli,Carlo Perego,Francesca Pischiutta,Elisa R. Zanier,Maria Grazia De Simoni +5 more
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TLDR
The selective responses of microglia and macrophages to hypoxia after stroke are discussed and relevant markers are reviewed with the aim of defining the different subpopulations of myeloid cells that are recruited to the injured site.Abstract:
Cells of myeloid origin, such as microglia and macrophages, act at the crossroads of several inflammatory mechanisms during pathophysiology. Besides pro-inflammatory activity (M1 polarization), myeloid cells acquire protective functions (M2) and participate in the neuroprotective innate mechanisms after brain injury. Experimental research is making considerable efforts to understand the rules that regulate the balance between toxic and protective brain innate immunity. Environmental changes affect microglia/macrophage functions. Hypoxia can affect myeloid cell distribution, activity, and phenotype. With their intrinsic differences, microglia and macrophages respond differently to hypoxia, the former depending on ATP to activate and the latter switching to anaerobic metabolism and adapting to hypoxia. Myeloid cell functions include homeostasis control, damage-sensing activity, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis, all distinctive features of these cells. Specific markers and morphologies enable to recognize each functional state. To ensure homeostasis and activate when needed, microglia/macrophage physiology is finely tuned. Microglia are controlled by several neuron-derived components, including contact-dependent inhibitory signals and soluble molecules. Changes in this control can cause chronic activation or priming with specific functional consequences. Strategies, such as stem cell treatment, may enhance microglia protective polarization. This review presents data from the literature that has greatly advanced our understanding of myeloid cell action in brain injury. We discuss the selective responses of microglia and macrophages to hypoxia after stroke and review relevant markers with the aim of defining the different subpopulations of myeloid cells that are recruited to the injured site. We also cover the functional consequences of chronically active microglia and review pivotal works on microglia regulation that offer new therapeutic possibilities for acute brain injury.read more
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Pathogenesis of Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis
TL;DR: This manuscript reviews the different presentations of T. solium infections in the human host with a focus on the mechanisms or processes responsible for their clinical expression.
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Pretreatment With PCSK9 Inhibitor Protects the Brain Against Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Through a Reduction of Neuronal Inflammation and Amyloid Beta Aggregation.
Nattayaporn Apaijai,Dalila Monica Moisescu,Siripong Palee,Christian Mervyn McSweeney,Napatsorn Saiyasit,Chayodom Maneechote,Chiraphat Boonnag,Nipon Chattipakorn,Siriporn C. Chattipakorn +8 more
TL;DR: It is hypothesized that PCSK9i attenuates brain damage caused by cardiac I/R via diminishing microglial/astrocytic hyperactivation, β‐amyloid aggregation, and loss of dendritic spine through administration of PCSK 9i before ischemia effectively attenuated these deleterious effects on the brain following cardiac I-R.
Journal ArticleDOI
Inhibition of HMGB1 mediates neuroprotection of traumatic brain injury by modulating the microglia/macrophage polarization.
TL;DR: Treatment with glycyrrhizin improved the neurological function recovery, reduced the lesion volume, and inhibited the release and expression of HMGB1 after TBI, suggesting that GL attenuated TBI by inhibiting M1 phenotype while inducing M2 phenotype activation of microglia/macrophages.
Journal ArticleDOI
Dimethyl fumarate improves white matter function following severe hypoperfusion: Involvement of microglia/macrophages and inflammatory mediators.
Jill H. Fowler,Jamie McQueen,Philip R. Holland,Philip R. Holland,Yasmina Manso,Martina Marangoni,Martina Marangoni,Fiona Scott,Emma Chisholm,Robert H. Scannevin,Giles E. Hardingham,Karen Horsburgh +11 more
TL;DR: Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a drug with anti-inflammatory properties, was found to reduce peak latency but not axonal refractoriness, and it is suggested that increased microglia/macrophages following cerebral hypoperfusion contributes to the functional impairment in white matter that may be amenable to modulation by DMF.
Journal ArticleDOI
Spatiotemporal analysis of impaired microglia process movement at sites of secondary neurodegeneration post-stroke:
Murielle G. Kluge,Mahmoud Abdolhoseini,Katarzyna Zalewska,Lin Kooi Ong,Sarah J. Johnson,Michael Nilsson,Frederick R. Walker +6 more
TL;DR: This study combines a photothrombotic stroke model in mice, acute slice and fluorescent imaging to analyse the loss of microglia process responsiveness and identified that somal P2Y12 was present on non-responsivemicroglia in the first two weeks after stroke but not at later time points.
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