Showing papers on "Developing country published in 2022"
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors present a global-scale study of API pollution in 258 of the world's rivers, representing the environmental influence of 471.4 million people across 137 geographic regions.
Abstract: Environmental exposure to active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can have negative effects on the health of ecosystems and humans. While numerous studies have monitored APIs in rivers, these employ different analytical methods, measure different APIs, and have ignored many of the countries of the world. This makes it difficult to quantify the scale of the problem from a global perspective. Furthermore, comparison of the existing data, generated for different studies/regions/continents, is challenging due to the vast differences between the analytical methodologies employed. Here, we present a global-scale study of API pollution in 258 of the world's rivers, representing the environmental influence of 471.4 million people across 137 geographic regions. Samples were obtained from 1,052 locations in 104 countries (representing all continents and 36 countries not previously studied for API contamination) and analyzed for 61 APIs. Highest cumulative API concentrations were observed in sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and South America. The most contaminated sites were in low- to middle-income countries and were associated with areas with poor wastewater and waste management infrastructure and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The most frequently detected APIs were carbamazepine, metformin, and caffeine (a compound also arising from lifestyle use), which were detected at over half of the sites monitored. Concentrations of at least one API at 25.7% of the sampling sites were greater than concentrations considered safe for aquatic organisms, or which are of concern in terms of selection for antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, pharmaceutical pollution poses a global threat to environmental and human health, as well as to delivery of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
272 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored whether the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis holds if the relevant carbon emissions modelling approach includes both energy consumption and the Konjunkturforschungsstelle (KOF) globalization index.
104 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors explored whether the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis holds if the relevant carbon emissions modelling approach includes both energy consumption and the Konjunkturforschungsstelle (KOF) globalization index.
104 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors used an interrupted time series design to assess the immediate effect of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on 31 health services in two low-income (Ethiopia and Haiti), six middle-income (Ghana, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Mexico, Nepal, South Africa and Thailand) and high-income countries.
Abstract: Abstract Declines in health service use during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic could have important effects on population health. In this study, we used an interrupted time series design to assess the immediate effect of the pandemic on 31 health services in two low-income (Ethiopia and Haiti), six middle-income (Ghana, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mexico, Nepal, South Africa and Thailand) and high-income (Chile and South Korea) countries. Despite efforts to maintain health services, disruptions of varying magnitude and duration were found in every country, with no clear patterns by country income group or pandemic intensity. Disruptions in health services often preceded COVID-19 waves. Cancer screenings, TB screening and detection and HIV testing were most affected (26–96% declines). Total outpatient visits declined by 9–40% at national levels and remained lower than predicted by the end of 2020. Maternal health services were disrupted in approximately half of the countries, with declines ranging from 5% to 33%. Child vaccinations were disrupted for shorter periods, but we estimate that catch-up campaigns might not have reached all children missed. By contrast, provision of antiretrovirals for HIV was not affected. By the end of 2020, substantial disruptions remained in half of the countries. Preliminary data for 2021 indicate that disruptions likely persisted. Although a portion of the declines observed might result from decreased needs during lockdowns (from fewer infectious illnesses or injuries), a larger share likely reflects a shortfall of health system resilience. Countries must plan to compensate for missed healthcare during the current pandemic and invest in strategies for better health system resilience for future emergencies.
99 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors used an interrupted time series design to assess the immediate effect of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on 31 health services in two low-income (Ethiopia and Haiti), six middle-income (Ghana, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Mexico, Nepal, South Africa and Thailand) and high-income countries.
Abstract: Abstract Declines in health service use during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic could have important effects on population health. In this study, we used an interrupted time series design to assess the immediate effect of the pandemic on 31 health services in two low-income (Ethiopia and Haiti), six middle-income (Ghana, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mexico, Nepal, South Africa and Thailand) and high-income (Chile and South Korea) countries. Despite efforts to maintain health services, disruptions of varying magnitude and duration were found in every country, with no clear patterns by country income group or pandemic intensity. Disruptions in health services often preceded COVID-19 waves. Cancer screenings, TB screening and detection and HIV testing were most affected (26–96% declines). Total outpatient visits declined by 9–40% at national levels and remained lower than predicted by the end of 2020. Maternal health services were disrupted in approximately half of the countries, with declines ranging from 5% to 33%. Child vaccinations were disrupted for shorter periods, but we estimate that catch-up campaigns might not have reached all children missed. By contrast, provision of antiretrovirals for HIV was not affected. By the end of 2020, substantial disruptions remained in half of the countries. Preliminary data for 2021 indicate that disruptions likely persisted. Although a portion of the declines observed might result from decreased needs during lockdowns (from fewer infectious illnesses or injuries), a larger share likely reflects a shortfall of health system resilience. Countries must plan to compensate for missed healthcare during the current pandemic and invest in strategies for better health system resilience for future emergencies.
84 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors systematically reviewed the literature to identify all COVID-19 serology studies in developing countries that were conducted using representative samples collected by February 2021 and analyzed the serology data using a Bayesian model that incorporates conventional sampling uncertainty as well as uncertainties about assay sensitivity and specificity.
Abstract: Introduction The infection fatality rate (IFR) of COVID-19 has been carefully measured and analysed in high-income countries, whereas there has been no systematic analysis of age-specific seroprevalence or IFR for developing countries. Methods We systematically reviewed the literature to identify all COVID-19 serology studies in developing countries that were conducted using representative samples collected by February 2021. For each of the antibody assays used in these serology studies, we identified data on assay characteristics, including the extent of seroreversion over time. We analysed the serology data using a Bayesian model that incorporates conventional sampling uncertainty as well as uncertainties about assay sensitivity and specificity. We then calculated IFRs using individual case reports or aggregated public health updates, including age-specific estimates whenever feasible. Results In most locations in developing countries, seroprevalence among older adults was similar to that of younger age cohorts, underscoring the limited capacity that these nations have to protect older age groups. Age-specific IFRs were roughly 2 times higher than in high-income countries. The median value of the population IFR was about 0.5%, similar to that of high-income countries, because disparities in healthcare access were roughly offset by differences in population age structure. Conclusion The burden of COVID-19 is far higher in developing countries than in high-income countries, reflecting a combination of elevated transmission to middle-aged and older adults as well as limited access to adequate healthcare. These results underscore the critical need to ensure medical equity to populations in developing countries through provision of vaccine doses and effective medications.
66 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a dynamic panel threshold regression model is employed to explore the effects of official development assistance (ODA) and carbon emissions in 59 low-income and lower-middle-income countries.
65 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors analyzed the combined effects of energy usage, industrialization, gross domestic product (GDP) growth, and urbanization on CO2 emissions for 23 developing countries across the 1995 to 2018 period.
58 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a dynamic panel threshold regression model is employed to explore the effects of official development assistance (ODA) and carbon emissions in 59 low-income and lower-middle-income countries.
56 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors examined the relationship between resource abundance and green economic growth in 40 resource-rich developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America and showed that an abundance of resources restrains the growth rate of the green economy in developing countries mainly via an innovation effect and a technical leader transfer effect.
54 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors empirically assess the impact of education on energy poverty through the lens of human capital theory and find that education has a negative impact on the energy poverty.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors examined the nonlinear relationship between industrial structure, energy intensity and environmental efficiency across developed and developing countries by utilizing three sectors of industry i.e., primary, secondary and tertiary industry.
TL;DR: In this paper , a panel quantile regression is used to examine the heterogeneity of the distribution among various CO2 quantiles, and the results show that energy poverty should be reduced as a priority in developing countries in order to achieve SDG7 and reduce CO2 emissions.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors provide a unique analysis of the linkages between institutions, SDGs and digital technologies to establish their exact interdependencies and contribute to social and economic policy implications on digital technology development for addressing grand challenges.
TL;DR: In this article , the evolutionary patterns of trade imbalances between developing countries and developed countries from a unique perspective of the comparative advantage in the factor endowment structure of developing countries were theoretically demystified.
TL;DR: In this article , a review of the current solid waste management and energy recovery production in developing countries is presented, where the authors provide a comprehensive revision on energy recovery technologies such as the thermochemical and biochemical conversion of waste with economic considerations, including several immediate actions and future policy recommendations for improving the current status of SWM via harnessing technology.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors examined the short-term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on households in developing countries and found that women, youth and workers without higher education were significantly more likely to lose their jobs and experience decreased incomes.
TL;DR: In this article , the impact of energy efficiency on CO 2 emissions was analyzed for 30 developing countries over 1990-2016, and the second-generation methods were applied to derive the results.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors systematically reviewed the consumption nexus of renewable energy and economic growth and found that renewable energy does not hinder economic growth for both developing and developed countries, whereas, there is little significance of consuming renewable energy (threshold level) on economic growth in developed countries.
Abstract: An efficient use of energy is the pre-condition for economic development. But excessive use of fossil fuel harms the environment. As renewable energy emits no or low greenhouse gases, more countries are trying to increase the use of energies from renewable sources. At the same time, no matter developed or developing, nations have to maintain economic growth. By collecting SCI/SSCI indexed peer-reviewed journal articles, this article systematically reviews the consumption nexus of renewable energy and economic growth. A total of 46 articles have been reviewed following the PRISMA guidelines from 2010 to 2021. Our review research shows that renewable energy does not hinder economic growth for both developing and developed countries, whereas, there is little significance of consuming renewable energy (threshold level) on economic growth for developed countries.
TL;DR: In the first year of distribution of vaccines against COVID-19, high-income countries (HICs) have achieved vaccination rates of 75-80%, whilst low- income countries (LICs), vaccinated <10% as mentioned in this paper .
Abstract: Within the first year of distribution of vaccines against COVID-19, high-income countries (HICs) have achieved vaccination rates of 75-80%, whilst low-income countries (LICs) vaccinated <10%. This disparity in access has been one of the greatest failures of international cooperation during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Global COVID-19 vaccine inequity affects us all, with ongoing risk of new variants emerging until global herd immunity is strengthened. The current model of global vaccine distribution is based on financial competition for limited vaccine supplies, resulting in HICs getting first access to vaccines, with LICs being forced to rely on voluntary donations through schemes like COVAX. Pharmaceutical companies own the intellectual property (IP) rights for COVID-19 vaccines, allowing them to control manufacturing, distribution, and pricing. However, the pharmaceutical industry did not develop these vaccines alone, with billions of dollars of public funding being instrumental in their discovery and development. Solutions to enable global equitable access already exist. The next step in scale up of manufacture and distribution worldwide is equitable knowledge sharing and technology transfer. The World Health Organization centralized technology transfer hub would facilitate international cooperation. Investments made into developing this infrastructure benefit the COVID-19 response whilst promoting future pandemic preparedness. Whilst globally there is majority support for waivers of IP to facilitate this next step, key opponents blocking this move include the UK and other European countries which host large domestic pharmaceutical industries. A nationalistic approach is not effective during a global pandemic. International cooperation is essential to achieve global goals against COVID-19.
TL;DR: In this article , a framework called "citational lensing" is proposed to identify where citations should appear between countries but are absent given that what is embedded in their published abstract texts is highly similar.
Abstract: Citations and text analysis are both used to study the distribution and flow of ideas between researchers, fields and countries, but the resulting flows are rarely equal. We argue that the differences in these two flows capture a growing global inequality in the production of scientific knowledge. We offer a framework called 'citational lensing' to identify where citations should appear between countries but are absent given that what is embedded in their published abstract texts is highly similar. This framework also identifies where citations are overabundant given lower similarity. Our data come from nearly 20 million papers across nearly 35 years and 150 fields from the Microsoft Academic Graph. We find that scientific communities increasingly centre research from highly active countries while overlooking work from peripheral countries. This inequality is likely to pose substantial challenges to the growth of novel ideas.
TL;DR: In this paper , a seminal study that separately estimates the effects of energy efficiency gains on clean cooking fuel and technology access rates separately for low-, lower-middle-, and upper-middle-income Sub-Saharan African countries.
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper proposed a comprehensive evaluation model, which integrates multi-regional input-output (MRIO), data envelopment analysis (DEA), and scenario analysis.
TL;DR: In this article , a systematic literature review explores digital financial inclusion across countries, and finds that developing countries, mainly Asian countries, embrace and improve Digital financial inclusion to help reduce poverty, but a persistent divide exists between gender, the wealthy and the poor, and urban and rural areas regarding access to and usage of digital financial services.
TL;DR: A meta-narrative review of the concept and measurements of energy poverty in developing countries is presented in this article , where three categories of indicators are used for communicating energy poverty issues at the local, national and global levels: single indicators, dashboard indicators, and composite indices.
Abstract: This paper presents a meta-narrative review of the concept and measurements of energy poverty in developing countries. The literature survey was conducted using the Search, Appraisal, Synthesis, and Analysis (SALSA) and snowballing methods. Three academic databases, including Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Scopus, were searched for studies published in English from 1970 to 2021 on the topic of energy poverty in developing countries. The review found that many definitions are provided to explain the concept of energy poverty due to the differences between countries in terms of climate and season, household preferences, accommodating home standards, and social and cultural beliefs. The lack of generally accepted definition of energy poverty has led to confusion between the concepts of energy poverty and fuel poverty. Both concepts apply to the problem of energy consumption in residential sector, but they have similitudes and differences. Three categories of indicators are used for communicating energy poverty issues at the local, national and global levels: single indicators, dashboard indicators, and composite indices. Each approach has potential advantages and limitations. The composite indices are more generally applied because of their capacity to aggregate various dimensions of energy poverty and facilitate benchmarking between countries. However, the scarcity of data prevents the widespread use of the measurements of energy poverty. Consequently, it contributes to the delay in assessing the implementation of energy policy to achieve the sustainable development goal of eradicating energy poverty in developing countries.
TL;DR: In this paper , the impact of COVID-19 on transportation in Lagos Nigeria has been analyzed using qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with commuters and operators, which revealed that increased cost of transportation, financial sustainability, changes in travel needs and loss of revenue were the significant impacts of the pandemic.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the economic performance of G7 economies from 1990 to 2020 has been evaluated by using diagnostic and unit root methods.
TL;DR: This meta-analysis of developing countries during COVID-19 shows that the mental health symptoms are highly prevalent yet differ across regions, and people in the least developing countries suffered less than those in emergent and other developing countries.
Abstract: Background This systematic review aims to 1) summarize the prevalence of anxiety, depression, distress, insomnia, and PTSD in the adult population during the first year of the COVID pandemic in developing countries and 2) uncover and highlight the uneven distribution of research on mental health in all developing countries across regions. Methods Several literature databases were systemically searched for meta-analyses published by September 22, 2021, on the prevalence rates of mental health symptoms in developing countries worldwide. We meta-analysed the raw data of the individual empirical results from the previous meta-analysis papers in developing countries in different regions. Results The prevalence rates of mental health symptoms were summarized based on 341 empirical studies with a total of 1 704 072 participants from 40 out of 167 developing countries in Africa, Asia (East, Southeast, South, and West), Europe, and Latin America. Comparatively, Africa (39%) and West Asia (35%) had the worse overall mental health symptoms, followed by Latin America (32%). The prevalence rates of overall mental health symptoms of medical students (38%), general adult students (30%), and frontline health care workers (HCWs) (27%) were higher than those of general HCWs (25%) and general populations (23%). Among five mental health symptoms, distress (29%) and depression (27%) were the most prevalent. Interestingly, people in the least developing countries suffered less than those in emergent and other developing countries. The various instruments employed lead to result heterogeneity, demonstrating the importance of using the well-established instruments with the standard cut-off points (eg, GAD-7, GAD-2, and DASS-21 for anxiety, PHQ-9 and DASS-21 for depression, and ISI for insomnia). Conclusions The research effort on mental health in developing countries during COVID-19 has been highly uneven in the scope of countries and mental health outcomes. This meta-analysis, the largest on this topic to date, shows that the mental health symptoms are highly prevalent yet differ across regions. The accumulated systematic evidence from this study can help enable the prioritization of mental health assistance efforts to allocate attention and resources across countries and regions.
TL;DR: In this article , a cross-sectional augmented autoregressive distributed lags model (CS-ARDL) was applied to analyze developed and developing economies by integrating different technologies and financial development attributes from 1990 to 2019.
TL;DR: In this paper , the extent, progress and level of improvement over time of sustainable development goals (SDGs) reporting by companies worldwide was investigated. And the authors found that companies in developing countries did higher company-level SDGs reporting than those in developed countries.