Showing papers on "Power electronics published in 2000"
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the theoretical background necessary for understanding how to analyze, predict, and mitigate the two most severe power disturbances: voltage sags and interruptions, and show how to apply mathematical techniques for practical solutions to these disturbances.
Abstract: "Power quality problems have increasingly become a substantial concern over the last decade, but surprisingly few analytical techniques have been developed to overcome these disturbances in system-equipment interactions. Now in this comprehensive book, power engineers and students can find the theoretical background necessary for understanding how to analyze, predict, and mitigate the two most severe power disturbances: voltage sags and interruptions.This is the first book to offer in-depth analysis of voltage sags and interruptions and to show how to apply mathematical techniques for practical solutions to these disturbances. From UNDERSTANDING AND SOLVING POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS you will gain important insights intoVarious types of power quality phenomena and power quality standardsCurrent methods for power system reliability evaluationOrigins of voltage sags and interruptionsEssential analysis of voltage sags for characterization and prediction of equipment behavior and stochastic predictionMitigation methods against voltage sags and interruptions"Sponsored by:IEEE Power Electronics Society, IEEE Industry Applications Society, IEEE Power Engineering Society.
405 citations
TL;DR: The fundamental issues faced in the aircraft electrical power systems are addressed in this paper, where a brief description of the conventional and advanced aircraft power system architectures, their disadvantages, opportunities for improvement, future electric loads, role of power electronics, and present trends in aircraft power systems research is given, followed by a brief outline of projected future advancements.
Abstract: The fundamental issues faced in the aircraft electrical power systems are addressed. A brief description of the conventional and advanced aircraft power system architectures, their disadvantages, opportunities for improvement, future electric loads, role of power electronics, and present trends in aircraft power system research is given, followed by a brief outline of projected future advancements.
390 citations
22 May 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, a vertical shrink of the NPT IGBT to a structure with a thin n/sup -/ base and a low doped field stop layer was proposed.
Abstract: By a vertical shrink of the NPT IGBT to a structure with a thin n/sup -/ base and a low doped field stop layer a new IGBT can be realized with drastically reduced overall losses. Especially the combination of the field stop concept with a trench transistor cell results in the almost ideal carrier concentration for a device with minimum on state voltage and lowest switching losses.
282 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the recent advances of power electronics that includes power semiconductor devices, converters, machines, drives and control is incorporated in the paper, and a prognosis for the 21st century has been outlined.
Abstract: The technology of power electronics has gone through rapid technological advancement during the last four decades, and recently, its applications are fast expanding in industrial, commercial, residential, military and utility environments. In the global industrial automation, energy conservation and environmental pollution control trends of the 21st Century, the widespread impact of power electronics is inevitable. The paper begins with a discussion on the global energy generation scenario and the corresponding environmental pollution problem. The mitigation of this problem is then discussed with particular emphasis on energy saving with the help of power electronics. A brief but comprehensive review of the recent advances of power electronics that includes power semiconductor devices, converters, machines, drives and control is incorporated in the paper. Finally, a prognosis for the 21st Century has been outlined.
229 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the design of the control system (as opposed to the synthesis of the controller) for variable speed wind turbines, to cater for the implementation issues of accommodation of variation in the plant d...
Abstract: Owing to concern over the environment, there is much interest in renewable sources of electrical power generation, of which one of the most promising is wind power. There are essentially two types of wind turbines, namely constant speed and variable speed machines. In comparison to constant speed wind turbines, variable speed wind turbines are perceived to have several potential advantages which outweigh the considerable cost of the power electronics required to realize variable speed operation. The two frequently mentioned ones are: additional energy capture below rated wind speed and additional power-train compliance and associated load alleviation above rated wind speed. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the design of the control system (as opposed to the synthesis of the controller) for variable speed wind turbines. The choice of control strategy is investigated and appropriate realizations of the controller, to cater for the implementation issues of accommodation of variation in the plant d...
226 citations
06 Feb 2000
TL;DR: The main electrical bus of the future will be 42 V, and it will be buffered by a 36 V battery as mentioned in this paper, which is the result of increasingly sophisticated engine and body controls, as well as the introduction of new, electrically controlled functions.
Abstract: The automobile is undergoing a revolution in the design of its electrical system. This is the result of increasingly sophisticated engine and body controls, as well as the introduction of new, electrically controlled functions. The main electrical bus of the future will be 42 V, and it will be buffered by a 36 V battery. As many devices and electronic control units require voltages different from 42, conversion from the 42 V bus to these other voltages will be necessary. Some anticipated features, such as electromechanical engine valves, will demand both conversion and sophisticated control at power levels in the 2 kW to 10 kW range. These, and other developments in automotive engineering, are promising to create a vital and challenging new market for power electronics in the next decade.
170 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new type of AC/AC power converter is proposed, which consists of only unidirectional switches such as insulated gate bipolar transistors, and it has a unity input displacement power factor that is similar to that of a diode rectifier with a DC-link inductor.
Abstract: In this paper, a new type of AC/AC power converter is proposed. The proposed converter is capable of direct AC/AC power conversion and, except for a few small snubber elements, it does not require the use of any input inductors or a DC-link capacitor. In contrast to the matrix converter, which requires bidirectional switches, the proposed converter consists of only unidirectional switches such as insulated gate bipolar transistors. The converter has a unity input displacement power factor, and its input line current waveform is similar to that of a diode rectifier with a DC-link inductor. The proposed converter has been validated experimentally using an induction motor driven with field-oriented control.
148 citations
DOI•
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: In this article, a multilevel converter with symmetrical feeding is proposed for the front-end power converter in locomotives. But the main application of the proposed converter is not the locomotive application, but the use of low-frequency transformers to reduce the high voltage from the catenary to a supportable voltage for the semiconductors.
Abstract: In the technology sector of power electronics and control, the multilevel converter technology is still a rather new research area, but the application possibilities in the field of power drives and energy will demand more solutions with this promising technology. In the future, more converter systems will be realized with the multilevel topology. Up to now, multilevel converters have only been used in very particular applications, mainly due to the high costs and complexity of the multilevel converter system. The high costs are due to the fact that the latest technology on semiconductors, magnetic material for inductor and transformer cores and control system technology had to be used. But nowadays new developments in the fields of power semiconductors such as the IGBT, IGCT and perhaps in the future SiC switches as well as improvements of the performance of magnetic cores used in medium frequency transformers will favor the multilevel converters for many other application fields. It can be noted that the industrial trend is moving away from heavy and bulky passive components towards power converter systems using more and more semiconductor elements controlled by powerful processor systems integrating intelligent multi-task control algorithms. The presented work is a contribution to the large field of multilevel converters. It shows a certain kind of multilevel converter in a single phase and a three-phase configuration, called the series-connected four-quadrant converters (SCFQ). The two specialties of the presented converter type are a) that all the multilevel converter steps are fed by an identical DC voltage and b) that every multilevel converter step is realized with an individual AC-DC converter or four-quadrant converter. This type of multilevel converter is called multilevel converter with symmetrical feeding. In this work, a general theoretical development has been done for the use of this multilevel converter type. A special type of DC-DC converter is presented, in order to feed the individual four-quadrant converters of the multilevel converter with a constant DC voltage. All the developments and methods used are based on mathematical expressions. Various simulations using the latest software simulation tools are accomplished and are used to study different cases. The feasibility of the developments is underlined with a series of experimental results with all types of the used converters, which have been realized in the framework of this thesis. The main application for the multilevel converter presented in this work is the frontend power converter in locomotives. Instead of using a heavy low-frequency transformer to reduce the high-voltage from the catenary to a supportable voltage for the semiconductors, a multilevel converter concept is used. The multilevel converter is directly coupled to the catenary. There are many advantages compared to the existing solutions. In the same context, a novel solution of a multilevel converter has been developed for a locomotive usable on different power lines. The converter allows not only the operation on the high AC voltage power line (15kV), but also can be coupled to a medium-voltage DC power line (3kV). Three different configuration types of the locomotive converter have been developed and tested in a complex simulation environment. Besides the locomotive application, there are many more interesting applications for the symmetrical multilevel converter, e.g. in the fields of energy transmission (FACTS, static VAR compensators, electronic high-voltage transformers, etc.) and industrial drives. But certainly in the future with the availability of cheap semiconductors adapted to the needs of the multilevel converter, even more applications in lower power fields will be realized.
139 citations
06 Feb 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, an innovative current doubler rectifier, which integrates all the magnetic components into a single core and minimizes the number of high current windings, is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents an innovative current doubler rectifier, which integrates all the magnetic components into a single core and minimizes the number of high current windings. Compared to the conventional approach, the proposed integrated magnetic structure features reduced core loss, smaller core size, and reduced AC conduction losses, all while still reducing winding losses. The new rectification circuit can be applied to many topologies. An asymmetrical half-bridge converter was used as one attractive example to demonstrate the operation and performance of the proposed structure. A prototype featuring 400 V input, 48 V output, 200 kHz switching frequency, and 1 kW output power was also developed based on this topology.
137 citations
TL;DR: A first classification of multi-converter multi-machine systems is proposed in order to point out their influences on the global power conversion: cost reduction, conversion quality...
Abstract: A formalism is defined to describe systems composed of several electrical machines with several electrical and/or mechanical converters. So, a first classification of multi-converter multi-machine systems is proposed in order to point out their influences on the global power conversion: cost reduction, conversion quality... Three examples are presented with this specific formalism.
120 citations
TL;DR: A comparative investigation on the use of random modulation schemes for DC/DC power converters is presented, addressing the effectiveness of randomness level on spreading the dominating frequencies that normally exist in constant-frequency PWM schemes, and the low-frequency power spectral density (PSD) of each scheme.
Abstract: A comparative investigation on the use of random modulation schemes for DC/DC power converters is presented. The modulation schemes under consideration include randomized pulse position modulation, randomized pulsewidth modulation (PWM) and randomized carrier-frequency modulation with fixed and variable duty cycle. The paper emphasizes the suitability and applicability of each scheme in DC/DC power converters. Issues addressed include the effectiveness of randomness level on spreading the dominating frequencies that normally exist in constant-frequency PWM schemes, and the low-frequency power spectral density (PSD) of each scheme. The validity of the analyses is confirmed experimentally by using a DC/DC buck converter operating in the continuous conduction mode. The PSD of the output under each scheme is presented and compared.
TL;DR: In this article, the early history of power electronics is traced from magnetic amplifiers, thyratrons, and ignitrons to power semiconductors, and the characteristic attributes of such power electronics equipment are high power capability, controllability and static switching to meet the goals of high efficiency and high dependability.
Abstract: Distinctive attributes of power electronics equipment are high power capability, controllability and static switching to meet the goals of high efficiency and high dependability. Aspects of the early history of power electronics are traced from magnetic amplifiers, thyratrons, and ignitrons to power semiconductors.
08 Oct 2000
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented the theory, characterisation and experimental validation of an accurate electric double-layer supercapacitor model based on the physics of phenomena governing charges storage, which theoretically leads to a transmission line with voltage dependant distributed capacitance.
Abstract: Recent developments in the field of supercapacitors have led to the achievement of high specific energy and high specific power devices. Due to capacitances of several hundred farads and serial resistances of less than one milliohm, these new components are suitable for energy storage in high power electronic applications, especially in the field of management of embarked electrical power (hybrid power sources, energy recovery). This paper presents the theory, characterisation and experimental validation of an accurate electric double-layer supercapacitor model based on the physics of phenomena governing charges storage, which theoretically leads to a transmission line with voltage dependant distributed capacitance.
16 Jul 2000
TL;DR: The Power Electronic Building Blocks (PEBB) program as mentioned in this paper has been used for the development of power electronics in the US Navy for a period of five years, and many modern paradigms have been studied for adaptation to power electronics.
Abstract: Over a period of five years, the US Navy has invested in an array of power electronic technology via the Power Electronic Building Blocks (PEBB) program. This investment is crucial to existing and future Navy ships. This investment is also crucial to the power electronics industry. Throughout the PEBB program, many modern paradigms have been studied for adaptation to power electronics. They are open plug and play architecture, cellular design, hierarchical design, integration, and concurrent engineering. The goal is to make power electronics more amenable to high-volume, low-cost, production. Furthermore, the expertise and complexity of power electronics is to be encapsulated and distributed within each building block. The key issue is the ability to integrate these elements, using high volume manufacturing methods.
01 Feb 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, the benefits of high voltage DC transmission (HVDC) and flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) can be applied in transmission and distribution systems, and the technical and economical benefits represent an alternative to the application in AC systems.
Abstract: The fast development of power electronics based on new and powerful semiconductor devices has led to innovative technologies, such as high voltage DC transmission (HVDC) and flexible AC transmission system (FACTS), which can be applied in transmission and distribution systems. The technical and economical benefits of these technologies represent an alternative to the application in AC systems. Deregulation in the power industry and opening of the market for delivery of cheaper energy to the customers is creating additional requirements for the operation of power systems. HVDC and FACTS offer major advantages in meeting these requirements.
23 Jan 2000
TL;DR: A unified framework for power system simulation using a Simulink environment is presented and application examples for power systems including power networks, power electronics and electric machines are presented and compared with two popular simulation packages.
Abstract: This paper presents a unified framework for power system simulation using a Simulink environment. The modeling and simulation of power systems under Simulink are described and discussed. Application examples for power systems including power networks, power electronics and electric machines are presented and compared with two popular simulation packages (EMTP, PSpice).
TL;DR: The concept of Integrated Power Modules (IPMs) was introduced in this article, in which the electronic control circuitry and the high power electronics of the converter are integrated into a single compact standardized module.
04 Dec 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the advances of power electronics that includes power semiconductor devices, converter, machines, drives and control is incorporated in the paper, and a prognosis for the 21st century has been outlined.
Abstract: The technology of power electronics has gone through rapid technological advancement during the last four decades, and its applications are quickly expanding in industrial, commercial, residential, military and utility environments. In the global industrial automation, energy conservation and environmental pollution control trends of the 21st century, the widespread impact of power electronics is inevitable. The paper begins with a discussion on a global energy generation scenario and the corresponding environmental pollution problem. The mitigation of this problem is then discussed with particular emphasis on energy saving with the help of power electronics. A brief but comprehensive review of the advances of power electronics that includes power semiconductor devices, converter, machines, drives and control is incorporated in the paper. Finally, a prognosis for the 21st century has been outlined.
06 Feb 2000
TL;DR: In this article, the use of flip-chip technology, widely used in IC packaging, for the fabrication of three-dimensional packaged integrated power electronics modules (IPEMs) was presented.
Abstract: We present the use of flip-chip technology, widely used in IC packaging, for the fabrication of three-dimensional packaged integrated power electronics modules (IPEMs). In the flip-chip IPEM (FC-IPEM), power devices are bonded to the flexible substrate with circuit pattern for gate-drive components using triple-stacked solder bumps. The devices are encapsulated using underfill polymer materials to distribute thermomechanical stresses caused by mismatching coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) among the silicon chips and substrates. The power semiconductor dies are attached to direct-bond copper (DEC) substrate. The feasibility of this approach was demonstrated by constructing modules consisting of two IGBTs, two diodes, and simple gate driver and control circuit. The FC-IPEM was successfully tested at power levels up to 10 kW. The electrical test result shows that this three-dimensional area bond packaging structure has much lower parasitics than a commercial wire-bond module. Issues relating to materials and process design and selection for the construction of the packaged power module are presented along with some electrical and reliability test results and discussions.
06 Feb 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, a space vector PWM method for three-level inverters is presented, where boundary restrictions can be easily incorporated to the harmonic distortion output voltages, to limit the minimum pulse width and to balance the voltages of the dc-link capacitor bank.
Abstract: In this paper, a space vector PWM method for three-level inverters is presented. In the proposed technique, boundary restrictions can be easily incorporated to the harmonic distortion output voltages, to limit the minimum pulse width and to balance the voltages of the dc-link capacitor bank. The solutions obtained are simple algebraic equations relating directly the pulse widths of the gate signals to the phase reference voltages. Computer simulation results are used to demonstrate the main features of the proposed technique.
18 Jun 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, an approach on the detection of semiconductor maloperation in a voltage source inverter is presented based on the evaluation of machine state variables which are processed due to the machine control algorithm.
Abstract: This paper presents an approach on the detection of semiconductor maloperation in a voltage source inverter. It is based on the evaluation of machine state variables which are processed due to the machine control algorithm. With it a fast and reliable fault detection algorithm can be realized. Furthermore, limited drive operation in case of a fault mode is discussed. All obtained results are based on computer simulation.
06 Feb 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, a distributed digital control architecture for medium and high power PEBBs is proposed, which features high level of flexibility, modularity and paves the way towards future plug and play power converter systems.
Abstract: The need for low-cost, high-reliability, modular, easy to use and maintain power electronics systems is fuelling the drive for standardized power electronics building blocks (PEBBs). Increased power density, user-friendly design, multifunctionality and increased reliability are the major issues that are being investigated. This paper proposes a new distributed digital control architecture for medium and high power PEBBs. The proposed architecture features high level of flexibility, modularity and paves the way towards future plug and play power converter systems.
23 Jan 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, a low frequency AC transmission (LFAC) to a power cable system is proposed, which uses the power electronics apparatus of AC/AC converters at the terminals.
Abstract: It has become hard to establish new overhead transmission lines for many reasons, and underground power cables will be adopted more in the future. A power cable has a difficulty of limitation in transmission length when it is operated in conventional AC system. An HVDC transmission can solve this problem for DC is free from charging current problem. XLPE cable is being more widely used at each voltage level instead of of cables and the other types, because it has many advantages. But XLPE cable has a difficulty of operation in DC, because space charge accumulates in the XLPE dielectrics. The authors propose a low frequency AC transmission (LFAC) to a power cable system. The proposing LFAC system uses the power electronics apparatus of AC/AC converters at the terminals. From the frequency characteristics of the space charge behavior in XLPE dielectrics, the power cable operation in higher frequency than 1 Hz can be admitted. The presenting LFAC transmission can use the conventional AC XLPE cable by operating higher than this frequency. In the paper, the authors describe other merits and demerits of the proposed LFAC transmission compared to the conventional AC transmission and an HVDC transmission. Finally, the authors present the simulation results of the simplified LFAC system model by using EMTP.
TL;DR: A regenerative power electronic circuit is proposed to drive a plasma display panel (PDP) in sustain-mode operation that utilizes inductors to resonate with the equivalent intrinsic capacitance of the PDP to avoid the abrupt charging/discharging operation.
Abstract: A regenerative power electronic circuit is proposed to drive a plasma display panel (PDP) in sustain-mode operation. This driver utilizes inductors to resonate with the equivalent intrinsic capacitance of the PDP to avoid the abrupt charging/discharging operation. The energy losses due to conventional hardswitching driving and the displacement current of the PDP are mainly recovered. Compared with prior approaches, this driving circuit has a quite simple structure and is suitable for asymmetrical operation.
23 Jan 2000
TL;DR: This special technical session presents the features of the Power System Blockset and its applications in the simulation of power systems and power electronics systems and shows the continuous integration and fixed-time step methods.
Abstract: The Power System Blockset (PSB) is a graphic tool that allows schematics and simulation of power systems to be built in the Simulink environment. The blockset uses the MATLAB/Simulink environment to represent common components and devices found in electrical power networks. Simulink's variable-step event-sensitive integration algorithms allow increased accuracy in zero-crossing detection of currents as compared with fixed step algorithms. One important feature of the Power System Blockset which has been introduced with version 2.0 is its ability to simulate either with continuous variable time-step integration algorithms or with a discretized system. For small and medium size systems, variable time steps algorithms are usually faster because the number of steps will be less than with a fixed-time step method. However, for large systems which contain many states or many nonlinear blocks such as power electronic switches, it is advantageous to discretize the electrical system. Both the continuous integration and fixed-time step methods are illustrated. The graphic interface of Simulink provides a user-friendly environment where the power circuit and control system are represented in the same diagram. The results are displayed while the simulation is running. The processing power of MATLAB allows the designer to perform complex post-processing on simulation results. This special technical session presents the features of the Power System Blockset and its applications in the simulation of power systems and power electronics systems.
Patent•
20 Dec 2000TL;DR: In this article, a power supply for electric filters with a power electronics part, a transformer connected at the output side and a high-voltage rectifier as well as a device for measured value acquisition are situated in the immediate proximity of the electric filter.
Abstract: In a power supply for electric filters with a power electronics part, a transformer connected at the output side and a high-voltage rectifier, the transformer and the high-voltage rectifier as well as a device for measured value acquisition are situated in the immediate proximity of the electric filter, and the power electronics part is situated at a location remote from the electric filter and, for control, is coupled to the device for measured value acquisition via light waveguides.
Patent•
23 Mar 2000
TL;DR: In this article, a power electronics device for controlling an electric machine including a power section arranged within a housing which can be closed via a cover element, and a control device is provided for controlling the power electronics devices.
Abstract: A power electronics device for controlling an electric machine including a power section arranged within a housing which can be closed via a cover element. The power section has a plurality of capacitors and a plurality of power semiconductors which are connected to a power bus bar. In addition, a control device is provided for controlling the power electronics device. The capacitors, power semiconductors, and control device are cooled via a cooling device which is formed as a profile having an essentially U-shaped cross section. The cooling device has two lateral limbs and a base region through which cooling ducts are arranged. A suitable cooling medium flows through the cooling ducts and the ends of the cooling ducts opposite the housing cover are closed by a covering element. The capacitors, the power semiconductors and the control device are connected to the cooling device such that thermal exchange occurs between these components and the cooling device.
06 Feb 2000
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the design and prototype construction of a novel solid state transformer, which provides control over the waveshapes and output voltage and can therefore mitigate many power quality problems.
Abstract: This paper describes the design and prototype construction of a novel solid state transformer. Replacing distribution transformers with solid state devices provides control over the waveshapes and output voltage and can therefore mitigate many power quality problems. A 10 kVA prototype was constructed to transform 7200 V single phase to 240/120 V and has been tested to one-half design voltage.
15 Aug 2000
TL;DR: In this article, the idea of a three-phase linear motor first was announced and it took even more than 20 years to find a growing interest in machine engineering to understand the advantages of linear drives.
Abstract: It dates about 100 years back that the idea of a three-phase linear motor first was announced. In the 1960s, Eric Laithwaite published papers about theory and application of "flat three-phase linear motors". In parallel to him, at the Technical University of Chemnitz, similar activities took place to create the theory of these motors and to make first applications. Inspite of these first steps, it took even more than 20 years to find a growing interest in machine engineering to understand the advantages of linear drives. Last but not least, the power electronics helped to melt the ice. Now there are many firms offering linear drives for the application and looking for partners to realize direct drives with linear motors.