Showing papers on "Solid lipid nanoparticle published in 2015"
TL;DR: A wide discussion about preparation methods, advantages, disadvantages and applications of LNPs is presented by focusing on SLNs and NLCs, two major types of Lipid-based nanoparticles.
Abstract: Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have attracted special interest during last few decades. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are two major types of Lipid-based nanoparticles. SLNs were developed to overcome the limitations of other colloidal carriers, such as emulsions, liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles because they have advantages like good release profile and targeted drug delivery with excellent physical stability. In the next generation of the lipid nanoparticle, NLCs are modified SLNs which improve the stability and capacity loading. Three structural models of NLCs have been proposed. These LNPs have potential applications in drug delivery field, research, cosmetics, clinical medicine, etc. This article focuses on features, structure and innovation of LNPs and presents a wide discussion about preparation methods, advantages, disadvantages and applications of LNPs by focusing on SLNs and NLCs.
649 citations
TL;DR: Chitosan-coated SLN was superior to other formulations and held promising features for its application as a potential oral drug delivery system for hydrophobic drugs.
250 citations
TL;DR: A systematic review of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease finds each are promising tools for the delivery of therapeutic devices to the brain via various routes of administration, particularly the intranasal route.
Abstract: Alzheimer's disease is a neurological disorder that results in cognitive and behavioral impairment. Conventional treatment strategies, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitor drugs, often fail due to their poor solubility, lower bioavailability, and ineffective ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Nanotechnological treatment methods, which involve the design, characterization, production, and application of nanoscale drug delivery systems, have been employed to optimize therapeutics. These nanotechnologies include polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, microemulsion, nanoemulsion, and liquid crystals. Each of these are promising tools for the delivery of therapeutic devices to the brain via various routes of administration, particularly the intranasal route. The objective of this study is to present a systematic review of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
208 citations
TL;DR: An extensive review of several antibiotic-loaded nanocarriers that have been formulated to target drugs to infectious sites, achieve controlled drug release profiles, and address formulation challenges, such as low-drug entrapment efficiencies, poor solubility and stability is presented.
163 citations
TL;DR: Quality by Design approach was applied on the development and optimization of solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) formulation of hydrophilic drug rivastigmine (RHT) and Histopathology study showed intact nasal mucosa with RHT SLN indicating safety of R HT SLN for intranasal administration.
163 citations
TL;DR: The TMC-SLCNs exhibited prolonged stability in room and refrigerated conditions, controlled drug release in simulated intestinal fluid, significantly higher oral bioavailability, and brain distribution ofCurcumin than free curcumin, chitosan and non-coated SLCNs.
Abstract: Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have been proposed as a colloidal carrier system that could enhance the oral bioavailability of curcumin. However, a burst release of the loaded drug, which occurs in acidic environments, has been a main obstacle to the oral delivery of curcumin by using SLNs as a carrier system. We hypothesized that a quarternized chitosan derivative could be used for acid-resistant coating to stabilize the SLNs and circumvent the burst release. N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) was synthesized and determined by 1H-NMR and FT-IR. To investigate the details of chitosan and TMC surface modification on SLCNs composed of palmitic acid, cholesterol, TPGS and curcumin, a number of factors such as optimized SLNs composition, solid state characterization, stability, cell viability, in vitro release in GI conditions, curcumin oral bioavailability and brain distribution studies, were evaluated. The TMC-SLCNs exhibited prolonged stability in room and refrigerated conditions, controlled drug release in simulated intestinal fluid, significantly higher oral bioavailability, and brain distribution of curcumin than free curcumin, chitosan and non-coated SLCNs. These finding suggests that the TMC-SLCNs is a promising nanocarrier system for oral delivery and brain distribution of curcumin.
154 citations
TL;DR: The present manuscript discusses the dominance of NLC over other lipid-based formulations and provides a perspective of how they defeat and overcome the barriers that lead to the poor bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs.
Abstract: Nowadays exploration of novel lipid-based formulations is akin to a magnet for researchers worldwide for improving the in vivo performance of highly lipophilic drugs. Over the last few years, new compositions of lipids have been developed, and the probable bioavailability enhancement has been investigated. We reviewed the most recent data dealing with backlogs of conventional lipid-based formulations such as physical instability, limited drug loading capacities, drug expulsion during storage along with all the possible hindrances resulting in poor absorption of highly lipophilic drugs such as P-glycoprotein efflux, extensive metabolism by cytochrome P450 etc. In tandem with these aspects, an exclusive formulation approach has been discussed in detail in this paper. Therefore, this review focuses on resolving the concerned ambiguity with successful oral administration of highly lipophilic drugs through designing novel lipidic formulations (nanostructured lipid carriers [NLC]) that constitute a blend of solid and liquid lipids. The article highlights the potential role of such formulation in normalizing the in vivo fate of poorly soluble drugs. Finally, the present manuscript discusses the dominance of NLC over other lipid-based formulations and provides a perspective of how they defeat and overcome the barriers that lead to the poor bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs.
129 citations
TL;DR: Salient features such as biocompatibility, controlled release, target competency, potential of penetration, improved physical stability, low cost and ease of scaling-up make SLNs viable alternative to liposomes for effective drug delivery.
126 citations
TL;DR: General information about solid lipid nanoparticles structures and properties, production procedures, characterization, and recent progress on development of drug and gene delivery systems using SLNs was reviewed.
Abstract: In recent years, nanomaterials have been widely applied as advanced drug and gene delivery nanosystems. Among them, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have attracted great attention as colloidal drug delivery systems for incorporating hydrophilic or lipophilic drugs and various macromolecules as well as proteins and nucleic acids. Therefore, SLNs offer great promise for controlled and site specific drug and gene delivery. This article includes general information about SLN structures and properties, production procedures, characterization. In addition, recent progress on development of drug and gene delivery systems using SLNs was reviewed.
124 citations
TL;DR: Both nanoparticle systems presented high association efficiency (>99%), indicating good interaction between the fungicides and the nanoparticles, and cytotoxicity assays showed that encapsulation of the fungicide decreased their toxicity.
Abstract: Carbendazim (MBC) (methyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate) and tebuconazole (TBZ) ((RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol) are widely used in agriculture for the prevention and control of fungal diseases. Solid lipid nanoparticles and polymeric nanocapsules are carrier systems that offer advantages including changes in the release profiles of bioactive compounds and their transfer to the site of action, reduced losses due to leaching or degradation, and decreased toxicity in the environment and humans. The objective of this study was to prepare these two types of nanoparticle as carrier systems for a combination of TBZ and MBC, and then investigate the release profiles of the fungicides as well as the stabilities and cytotoxicities of the formulations. Both nanoparticle systems presented high association efficiency (>99%), indicating good interaction between the fungicides and the nanoparticles. The release profiles of MBC and TBZ were modified when the compounds were loaded in the nanoparticles, and cytotoxicity assays showed that encapsulation of the fungicides decreased their toxicity. These fungicide systems offer new options for the treatment and prevention of fungal diseases in plants.
123 citations
TL;DR: The new nanoparticle formulations enable the use of smaller quantities of herbicide and therefore offer a more environmentally friendly method of controlling weeds in agriculture.
Abstract: Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) containing the herbicides atrazine and simazine were prepared and characterized, and in vitro evaluation was made of the release kinetics, herbicidal activity, and cytotoxicity. The stability of the nanoparticles was investigated over a period of 120 days, via analyses of particle size, ζ potential, polydispersion, pH, and encapsulation efficiency. SLN showed good physicochemical stability and high encapsulation efficiencies. Release kinetics tests showed that use of SLN modified the release profiles of the herbicides in water. Herbicidal activity assays performed with pre- and postemergence treatment of the target species Raphanus raphanistrum showed the effectiveness of the formulations of nanoparticles containing herbicides. Assays with nontarget organisms (Zea mays) showed that the formulations did not affect plant growth. The results of cytotoxicity assays indicated that the presence of SLN acted to reduce the toxicity of the herbicides. The new nanoparticle formulatio...
TL;DR: This DRTH system with improved bioavailability and reduced initial burst effect would be recommended as an alternative for the flurbiprofen-loaded rectal pharmaceutical products.
TL;DR: It was concluded that the N LCs enhances the oral bioavailability of the drug and may decrease the side effects and toxicity of the lipids used in other polymeric NPs as NLCs uses physiological and biodegradable lipids.
Abstract: Context: Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLCs) is the second generation solid lipid nanoparticles (NPs) made up of physiological, biocompatible, biodegradable, non-sensitizing and non-irritating lipids.Objective: The main objective of this review is to explore the role of NLCs system for delivering drugs by oral route and thus increasing the oral bioavailability.Methods: The present review article highlights the definition and types of NLCs and their importance as colloidal carriers including the production techniques and their formulation. This review article also deals with the fate of lipids used in the NLCs formulation and the NLCs toxicity.Conclusion: On the basis of the literature survey done, it was concluded that the NLCs enhances the oral bioavailability of the drug and may decrease the side effects and toxicity of the lipids used in other polymeric NPs as NLCs uses physiological and biodegradable lipids.
TL;DR: Investigating the potential use of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as a drug delivery system to enhance the brain-targeting efficiency of rosmarinic acid following intranasal administration confirmed the developed optimized RA-loaded SLNs formulation following the non-invasive nose-to-brain drug delivery that is a promising therapeutic approach for the effective management in Huntington disease.
Abstract: Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate the potential use of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as a drug delivery system to enhance the brain-targeting efficiency of rosmarinic acid (RA) following intranasal (i.n.) administration.Materials and methods: The RA-loaded SLNs was prepared by the hot homogenization technique, in which glycerol monostearate (GMS) as lipid, tween 80 and soya lecithin were used as surfactant along with hydrogenated soya phosphatidyl choline (HSPC) as a stabilizer, and were characterized for particle size, zeta potential (ZP), in vitro study. Nasal delivery of the developed formulation followed by the study of behavioral (locomotor, narrow beam, body weight) and biochemical parameters (glutathione, lipid peroxidation, catalase and nitrite) in wistar rat was carried out.Results: Optimized RA-loaded SLNs using tween 80 (SLNPRT) have the mean size of (149.2 ± 3.2 nm), ZP (−38.27 mV) entrapment efficiency (61.9 ± 2.2%). 3-NP-treated rat significantly inc...
TL;DR: A novel use of near-infrared (NIR) aza-BODIPY dyes capable of fluorescence quenching in water to visualize the in vivo fate of model lipid-based nanocarriers, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) showed positive finding, which means that this approach may be useful for in-vivo monitoring of lipid- based nanoccarriers.
TL;DR: Since LN are based on lipids that appear in human sebum which is the predominant medium in HF an increased localization of the colloidal carriers as well as a promoted drug release may be assumed, sebum-like lipid material and a size of less or equal 640 nm are appropriate specifications for FP of particulate formulations.
TL;DR: Nanotechnology opens a door for developing phytochemical-loaded nanoparticles for prevention and treatment of cancer.
TL;DR: A new system to enter the brain by functionalizing solid lipid nanoparticles with apolipoprotein E, aiming to enhance their binding to low-density lipoprotein receptors on the blood-brain barrier endothelial cells.
Abstract: Nanotechnology can be an important tool to improve the permeability of some drugs for the blood-brain barrier. In this work we created a new system to enter the brain by functionalizing solid lipid nanoparticles with apolipoprotein E, aiming to enhance their binding to low-density lipoprotein receptors on the blood-brain barrier endothelial cells. Solid lipid nanoparticles were successfully functionalized with apolipoprotein E using two distinct strategies that took advantage of the strong interaction between biotin and avidin. Transmission electron microscopy images revealed spherical nanoparticles, and dynamic light scattering gave a Z-average under 200 nm, a polydispersity index below 0.2, and a zeta potential between -10 mV and -15 mV. The functionalization of solid lipid nanoparticles with apolipoprotein E was demonstrated by infrared spectroscopy and fluorimetric assays. In vitro cytotoxic effects were evaluated by MTT and LDH assays in the human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) cell line, a human blood-brain barrier model, and revealed no toxicity up to 1.5 mg ml(-1) over 4 h of incubation. The brain permeability was evaluated in transwell devices with hCMEC/D3 monolayers, and a 1.5-fold increment in barrier transit was verified for functionalized nanoparticles when compared with non-functionalized ones. The results suggested that these novel apolipoprotein E-functionalized nanoparticles resulted in dynamic stable systems capable of being used for an improved and specialized brain delivery of drugs through the blood-brain barrier.
TL;DR: The results of this study confirmed the effect of surfactant type on SLNs physicochemical properties such as morphological features, loading parameters, particle sizes and drug release kinetic.
Abstract: Repaglinide is an efficient anti-diabetic drug which is prescribed widely as multi-dosage oral daily regimens. Due to the low compliance inherent to each multi-dosage regimen, development of prolonged-release formulations could enhance the overall drug efficacy in patient populations. Repaglinide-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were developed and characterized in vitro. Various surfactants were used in this study during the nanocarrier preparation procedure and their corresponding effects on some physicochemical properties of SLNs such as size, zeta potential; drug loading parameters and drug release profiles was investigated. Stearic acid and glyceryl mono stearate (GMS) were used as lipid phase and phosphatidylcholin, Tween80, Pluronic F127, poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) were used as surfactant/stabilizer. The results showed some variations between formulations; where the Tween80-based SLNs showed smallest size, the phosphatidylcholin-based SLNs indicated most prolonged drug release time and the highest loading capacity. SEM images of these formulations showed morphological variations and also confirmed the nanoscale size of these particles. The FTIR and DSC results demonstrated no interaction between drug and excipients. The invitro release profiles of different formulations were studied and observed slow release of drug from all formulations. However significant differences were found among them in terms of their initial burst release as well as the whole drug release profile. From fitting these data to various statistical models, the Peppas model was proposed as the best model to describe the statistical indices and, therefore, mechanism of drug release. The results of this study confirmed the effect of surfactant type on SLNs physicochemical properties such as morphological features, loading parameters, particle sizes and drug release kinetic. With respect to the outcome data, the mixture of phosphatidylcholin/Pluronic F127 was selected as the best surfactant/stabilizer to coat the lipid core comprising stearic acid and GMS.
TL;DR: It can be concluded that SLNs provide good skin permeation for SP and may be a promising carrier for topical delivery of spironolactone offering the biphasic release pattern that might be interesting for topical application resulting in an effective treatment for skin disorders such as acne.
TL;DR: Insulin-loaded SLNs showed better protection from gastrointestinal environment as evident from the relative bioavailability, which was enhanced five times as compared to the insulin solution, and a significant enhancement of relativeBioavailability of insulin was observed.
Abstract: Objective: Insulin is a hormone used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Multiple injections of insulin every day may causes pain, allergic reactions at injection site, which lead to low patient compliance. The aim of this work was to develop and evaluate an efficient solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) carrier for oral delivery of insulin.Methods: SLNs were prepared by double emulsion solvent evaporation (w/o/w) technique, employing glyceryltrimyristate (Dynasan 114) as lipid phase and soy lecithin and polyvinyl alcohol as primary and secondary emulsifier, respectively, and evaluated in vitro for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI) and drug entrapment.Results: Among the eight different developed formulae (F1–F8), F7 showed an average particle size (99 nm), PDI (0.021), high entrapment of drug (56.5%). The optimized formulation (F7) was further evaluated by FT-IR, DSC, XRD, in vitro release, permeation, stability, bioavailability and pharmacological studies. Insulin-loaded SLNs showed better p...
01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: The composition and structure of lipid nanoparticles—two critical factors that may influence their pharmaceutical performance—will be discussed in this chapter.
Abstract: Lipid nanoparticles, including solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), lipid-drug conjugates (LDC) and polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles (PLN), are colloidal carriers with a lipid matrix that is solid at body temperature. These colloidal carriers have attracted increasing interest for their use in therapeutic and cosmetic applications. The performance of lipid nanoparticle formulations is greatly influenced by their composition and structure. Lipid nanoparticles are generally composed of lipids, surfactants and co-surfactants. The lipid materials used in the production of lipid nanoparticles are usually solid at room temperature. Being well-tolerated in physiological conditions, lipid nanoparticles are typically biocompatible. Liquid lipids, or oils, are specifically used for production of NLCs. In most cases, lipid nanoparticles are produced as dispersions and surface-tailored with surfactants to improve dispersion stability. Polymers are often used to form polymer-lipid cores in the production of PLNs. Lipid nanoparticles are often used as sustained-release systems, with the structure of the lipid nanoparticles dictating their release properties. While the concentration of drug in lipid nanoparticle dispersions is quite well known, knowledge of the drug-lipid interaction in terms of the state and localization of the drug in the nanoparticle is still unknown. Several structural models of SLNs and NLCs have been proposed. The composition and structure of lipid nanoparticles—two critical factors that may influence their pharmaceutical performance—will be discussed in this chapter.
TL;DR: The obtained results provide an efficient approach for delivering solid lipid nanoparticles in a solid dosage form keeping the nanoparticle characters and integrity.
TL;DR: The obtained results show that it is possible to prepare stable Sor‐Mag‐SLNs able to inhibit cancer cell proliferation through the sorafenib cytotoxic action, and to enhance/localize this effect in a desired area thanks to a magnetically driven accumulation of the drug.
Abstract: Sorafenib is an anticancer drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of hepatocellular and advanced renal carcinoma. The clinical application of sorafenib is promising, yet limited by its severe toxic side effects. The aim of this study is to develop sorafenib-loaded magnetic nanovectors able to enhance the drug delivery to the disease site with the help of a remote magnetic field, thus enabling cancer treatment while limiting negative effects on healthy tissues. Sorafenib and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are encapsulated in solid lipid nanoparticles by a hot homogenization technique using cetyl palmitate as lipid matrix. The obtained nanoparticles (Sor-Mag-SLNs) have a sorafenib loading efficiency of about 90% and are found to be very stable in an aqueous environment. Plain Mag-SLNs exhibit good cytocompatibility, whereas an antiproliferative effect against tumor cells (human hepatocarcinoma HepG2) is observed for drug-loaded Sor-Mag-SLNs. The obtained results show that it is possible to prepare stable Sor-Mag-SLNs able to inhibit cancer cell proliferation through the sorafenib cytotoxic action, and to enhance/localize this effect in a desired area thanks to a magnetically driven accumulation of the drug. Moreover, the relaxivity properties observed in water suspensions hold promise for Sor-Mag-SLN tracking through clinical magnetic resonance imaging.
TL;DR: The proposed spray-dried nanoparticulate-on-microparticles dry powders displayed good aerosol dispersion performance as dry powder inhalers with high values in emitted dose, fine particle fraction and mass median aerodynamic diameter suggesting great potential in systemic delivery of the drug.
Abstract: Alendronate sodium is a bisphosphonate drug used for the treatment of osteoporosis and acts as a specific inhibitor of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Inhalable solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of the alendronate were successfully designed and developed by spray-dried and co-spray dried inhalable mannitol from aqueous solution. Emulsification technique using a simple homogenization method was used for preparation of SLNs. In vitro deposition of the aerosolized drug was studied using a Next Generation Impactor at 60 L/min following the methodology described in the European and United States Pharmacopeias. The Carr’s Index, Hausner ratio and angle of repose were calculated as suitable criteria for estimation of the flow behavior of solids. Scanning electron microscopy showed spherical particle morphology of the respirable particles. The proposed spray-dried nanoparticulate-on-microparticles dry powders displayed good aerosol dispersion performance as dry powder inhalers with high values in emit...
TL;DR: Recent advances in ocular drug and gene delivery employing lipid nanoparticles are reviewed, including results achieved recently with LPD nanoparticles to deliver functional genes and micro RNA to treat retinal diseases.
Abstract: Lipids contain hydrocarbons and are the building blocks of cells. Lipids can naturally form themselves into nano-films and nano-structures, micelles, reverse micelles, and liposomes. Micelles or reverse micelles are monolayer structures, whereas liposomes are bilayer structures. Liposomes have been recognized as carriers for drug delivery. Solid lipid nanoparticles and lipoplex (liposome-polycation-DNA complex), also called lipid nanoparticles, are currently used to deliver drugs and genes to ocular tissues. A solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) is typically spherical, and possesses a solid lipid core matrix that can solubilize lipophilic molecules. The lipid nanoparticle, called the liposome protamine/DNA lipoplex (LPD), is electrostatically assembled from cationic liposomes and an anionic protamine-DNA complex. The LPD nanoparticles contain a highly condensed DNA core surrounded by lipid bilayers. SLNs are extensively used to deliver drugs to the cornea. LPD nanoparticles are used to target the retina. Age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and diabetic retinopathy are the most common retinal diseases in humans. There have also been promising results achieved recently with LPD nanoparticles to deliver functional genes and micro RNA to treat retinal diseases. Here, we review recent advances in ocular drug and gene delivery employing lipid nanoparticles.
TL;DR: The solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) showed clear zone of inhibition against Aspergillus flavus indicating antimicrobial efficacy of formulations, and stearic acid-SLNs showed higher entrapment of drug compared with palmitic acid -SLNs.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of entrapping water-insoluble drug itraconazole into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for topical ocular delivery The drug-loaded SLNs were prepared from stearic acid and palmitic acid using different concentrations of polyvinyl alcohol employed as emulsifier SLNs were prepared by the melt-emulsion sonication and low temperature-solidification method and characterized for particle size, zeta potential, drug loading and drug entrapment efficiency The mean particle size of SLNs prepared with stearic acid ranged from 139 to 199 nm, while the SLNs prepared with palmitic acid had particle size in the range of 126-160 nm The SLNs were spherical in shape Stearic acid-SLNs showed higher entrapment of drug compared with palmitic acid-SLNs Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction measurements showed decrease in crystallinity of drug in the SLN formulations The modified Franz-diffusion cell and freshly excised goat corneas were used to test drug corneal permeability Permeation of itraconazole from stearic acid-SLNs was higher than that obtained with palmitic acid-SLNs The SLNs showed clear zone of inhibition against Aspergillus flavus indicating antimicrobial efficacy of formulations
TL;DR: SLN is concluded that SLN is a promising colloidal drug carrier for topical administration of HQ in the treatment of hyperpigmentation due to suitable HQ loading value in spite of its hydrophilic structure, high stability against oxidation and appropriate skin penetration along with the low systemic absorption.
TL;DR: In this paper, stable solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) using carnauba wax as lipidic matrix, for delivery of rosmarinic acid, to be further incorporated into food matrices were tested.
Abstract: In the last decade, research studies have increased on the development of delivery systems for polyphenols, for protection, improvement of stability and increase of their bioavailability. Rosmarinic acid is a polyphenol with described bioactivities, such as antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, anti-bacterial and anti-viral capabilities. Thus, the aim of this research work was to produce stable solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) using carnauba wax as lipidic matrix, for delivery of rosmarinic acid, to be further incorporated into food matrices. Hence, different concentrations of wax (0.5, 1 and 1.5%, w/v) and percentages of surfactant (1, 2 and 3%, v/v) were tested. Physical properties, surface morphology and association efficiencies were studied at time of production and after 28 day at refrigerated storage. Thermal properties and the nature of the chemical interactions between the lipids waxes and rosmarinic acid were also evaluated. The particles showed range size between 35–927 nm and zeta potentials of ca. −38 to 40, showing high stability, with no risk of aggregation due to electric repulsion of SLN. High association efficiencies % (ca. 99%) were obtained. FTIR analyses proved the association of rosmarinic acid and lipidic matrix. The low lipid and high surfactant concentrations leads to small SLN. The surfactant, polysorbate 80 decreases the interfacial tension in the SLN surfaces, preventing aggregation, leading to the development of small particles. These properties were maintained throughout the 28 day of refrigerated storage, and no rosmarinic acid was released by the particles during refrigeration, indicating good compatibility between rosmarinic acid and the waxy core of SLN. The optimum range values to obtain the desirable features for incorporation in a functional food suggest formulations containing 1.0 and 1.5% (w/v) of lipid and 2% (v/v) of surfactant.
TL;DR: This paper aims at reviewing significant findings in the area of nanoparticles and wound treatment, and underline formulations comprising inorganic, polymeric, surfactant self-assembled, and lipid nanosystems.
Abstract: The treatment of skin wounds represents an important research area due to the important physiological and aesthetic role of this tissue. During the last years, nanoparticles have emerged as important platforms to treat skin wounds. Silver, gold, and copper nanoparticles, as well as titanium and zinc oxide nanoparticles, have shown potential therapeutic effects on wound healing. Due to their specific characteristics, nanoparticles such as nanocapsules, polymersomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and polymeric nanocomplexes are ideal vehicles to improve the effect of drugs (antibiotics, growth factors, etc.) aimed at wound healing. On the other hand, if active excipients are added during the formulation, such as hyaluronate or chitosan, the nanomedicine could significantly improve its potential. In addition, the inclusion of nanoparticles in different pharmaceutical materials may enhance the beneficial effects of the formulations, and allow achieving a better dose control. This paper aims at reviewing significant findings in the area of nanoparticles and wound treatment. Among the reviewed topics, we underline formulations comprising inorganic, polymeric, surfactant self-assembled, and lipid nanosystems. Among the drugs included in the nanoformulations, the paper refers to antibiotics, natural extracts, proteins, and growth factors, among others. Finally, the paper also addresses nanoparticles embedded in secondary vehicles (fibers, dressings, hydrogels, etc.) that could improve their application and/or upgrade the release profile of the active.