자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

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Using Multivariate Statistics

Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

Data Mining Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques

Preamble and Transition to ACC/AHA Guidelines to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk S2

The goals of the …

/pdf/2013-acc-aha-guideline-on-the-treatment-of-blood-cholesterol-pvngcav7fq.pdf

2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Adults A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines

https://link-springer-com-443.webvpn.jmu.edu.cn/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-16999-6_2401-1.pdf

Opposite-Sex Relationships

The present paper presents findings from two distinct intervention programs designed to enhance students’ motivation and engagement. The first intervention revolved around a self-complete workbook program among a sample of 53 Australian high school boys. Using a pre/post, treatment/control group design, it was found that the self-complete workbook intervention brought about significant shifts in motivation and engagement. Relative to the control group, the workbook group made positive motivation shifts on key dimensions including study management, persistence, anxiety, failure avoidance, and uncertain control. Against a large weighted external comparison group, the workbook group also made positive shifts on valuing of school, mastery orientation, planning, study management, persistence, failure avoidance, uncertain control, and selfhandicapping. The second intervention involved a different sample of 53 high school boys and girls who participated in a workshop program revolving around motivation and engagement and strategies aimed at enhancing these dimensions. Using a pre/post/follow-up design, data showed that there were gains on key facets of students’ motivation and engagement by the end of the program (post-test) – gains that were sustained 6-8 weeks later (follow-up test). When compared to a large weighted external comparison sample, by post-testing and then at follow-up testing, significant declines in motivation had been reversed and any pre-existing advantages or parallel strengths of the workshop sample over the weighted sample were maintained. Key contributing factors underpinning each intervention are discussed as well as the implications the findings have for educational practice.

Can students' motivation and engagement change? : findings from two intervention studies

BackgroundPneumonia remains a leading cause of hospitalization and death among young children worldwide, and the diagnostic challenge of differentiating bacterial from non-bacterial pneumonia is the main driver of antibiotic use for treating pneumonia in children. Causal Bayesian networks (BNs) serve as powerful tools for this problem as they provide clear maps of probabilistic relationships between variables and produce results in an explainable way by incoporating both domain expert knowledge and numerical data.

MethodsWe used domain expert knowledge and data in combination and iteratively, to construct, parameterise and validate a causal BN to predict causative pathogens for childhood pneumonia. Expert knowledge elicitation occurred through a series of group workshops, surveys and one-on-one meetings involving 6-8 experts from diverse domain areas. The model performance was evaluated based on both quantitative metrics (area under the receiver-operator curve (AUROC) and log loss) and qualitative expert validation. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to investigate how the target output is influenced by varying key assumptions of particular high degree of uncertainty around data or domain expert knowledge.

ResultsDesigned to apply to a cohort of children with X-ray confirmed pneumonia who presented to a tertiary paediatric hospital in Australia, the resulting BN offers explainable and quantitative predictions on a range of variables of interest, including the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia, detection of respiratory pathogens in the nasopharynx, and the clinical phenotype of a pneumonia episode. Satisfactory numeric performance has been achieved including an AUROC of 0.8 in predicting the clinical diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia. Three commonly encountered scenarios were presented to demonstrate the potential usefulness of the BN outputs in various clinical pictures.

ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first causal model developed to help determine the causative pathogen for paediatric pneumonia. It can be utilized to derive recommendations to support more directed and judicious use of antimicrobials for relevant cohorts. The BN needs further validation before it can be clinically implemented. Our model framework and the methodological approach can be adapted beyond our context to broad respiratory infections and geographical and healthcare settings.

https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010967&type=printable

Predicting the causative pathogen among children with pneumonia using a causal Bayesian network

Overview: The idea of using peptides as cost-effective vaccines is an interesting approach for the prevention and treatment of many infectious diseases and malignant disorders [1-2]. Such peptides can be designed synthetically [3] to elicit a response in immune system. Approximately 83% of B-cell epitopes are conformational in nature with discontinuous regions of the sequence coming together in the 3D fold of the protein and it is therefore important to study how well synthetic peptides are able to mimic these conformations. Consequently, we characterized B-cell epitopes to inform improved vaccines design and allow development of peptide vaccine.

Exploration of conformational B-cell epitopes: components to peptide-based vaccines

OBJECTIVE
A comparative study to describe the increase in medical admissions of children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) in Western Australia in 2019 (pre-pandemic) and 2020 (peri-pandemic).


METHOD
Patient demographics, physiological parameters, length of stay, time to assessment by the Eating Disorder Service (EDS), and commencement of specialist eating disorder (ED) outpatient treatment was collected for adolescents admitted with AN between 1st January 2019 and 31st December 2020.


RESULTS
The number of admissions doubled from 126 in 2019 to 268 in 2020. The number of children admitted increased by 52%. The median length of hospital stay was shorter in 2020 (12 vs. 17 days; p < .001), but the 28-day readmission rate was greater (39.9% vs. 22.2%; p < .001). At the time of hospital discharge in 2020, only 60% of patients were able to step-down into specialist ED outpatient treatment, compared to 93% in 2019. The mean number of admissions per child before completing EDS assessment increased significantly in 2020 (2.75 vs. 0, p < .001).


DISCUSSION
Shorter inpatient stays and delays in the commencement of specialist ED outpatient treatment may have contributed to the increased readmission rate seen in 2020.


PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE
This research is important as it explores the reasons for increased medical presentations and admissions of youth with AN during the COVID-19 pandemic in Western Australia. We hope that our lessons learned may be helpful to others trying to balance similar clinical workloads.

Andrew J. Martin

Papers

Opposite-Sex Relationships

Can students' motivation and engagement change? : findings from two intervention studies

Predicting the causative pathogen among children with pneumonia using a causal Bayesian network

Exploration of conformational B-cell epitopes: components to peptide-based vaccines

The increase in medical admissions with anorexia nervosa during the COVID-19 pandemic in Western Australia.