抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

B and T lymphocytes are the mediators of immunity, but their function is under the control of dendritic cells. Dendritic cells in the periphery capture and process antigens, express lymphocyte co-stimulatory molecules, migrate to lymphoid organs and secrete cytokines to initiate immune responses. They not only activate lymphocytes, they also tolerize T cells to antigens that are innate to the body (self-antigens), thereby minimizing autoimmune reactions. Once a neglected cell type, dendritic cells can now be readily obtained in sufficient quantities to allow molecular and cell biological analysis. With knowledge comes the realization that these cells are a powerful tool for manipulating the immune system.

Dendritic cells and the control of immunity

Immune checkpoints refer to the plethora of inhibitory pathways that are crucial to maintaining self-tolerance. Tumour cells induce immune checkpoints to evade immunosurveillance. This Review discusses the progress in targeting immune checkpoints, the considerations for combinatorial therapy and the potential for additional immune-checkpoint targets.

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The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy

Comprehensive Integration of Single-Cell Data.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells with a unique ability to induce primary immune responses. DCs capture and transfer information from the outside world to the cells of the adaptive immune system. DCs are not only critical for the induction of primary immune responses, but may also be important for the induction of immunological tolerance, as well as for the regulation of the type of T cell-mediated immune response. Although our understanding of DC biology is still in its infancy, we are now beginning to use DC-based immunotherapy protocols to elicit immunity against cancer and infectious diseases.

Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells

Natural Killer (NK) Cells Respond to CMV Reactivation After Allogeneic Transplantation with An Increase in NKG2C+CD57+ Self-KIR+ NK Cells with Potent IFNγ Production

A Schema for the Classification of Cytotoxic Lymphocytes Based on T Cell Antigen Receptor Gene Rearrangement and Fc Receptor (CD 16) or NKH-1/Leu 19 Antigen Expression

The stunning ability to collect quantitative single-cell analyses of up to 20 parameters simultaneously (1), at rates of tens of thousands of cells per second, and then to divert and recover a specific single live cell, or a subpopulation of live cells, with desired characteristics is the genius of fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). FACS applied in conjunction with fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) derived from immortalized hybridoma cell lines is a ubiquitous core technology in medicine and biomedical research, impacting all of immunology, cancer diagnosis, stem cell identification and transplantation, AIDS monitoring, and a variety of therapies, as well as plant and microbial biology. It is, in fact, very difficult to imagine the biomedical research landscape of the last 40 years without FACS.



Len and Lee Herzenberg with a FACS, circa 1985.



The father of FACS, Leonard “Len” A. Herzenberg of the Department of Genetics at the Stanford University School of Medicine, died on Sunday, October 27, 2013 at the age of 81. Len will be remembered as a deeply innovative scientist, a biotechnology founding figure, a life-long mentor and gentle teacher, an early and effective proponent of diversity in science, and a committed social philanthropist. He is survived by his wife, Leonore “Lee” A. Herzenberg, also of the Stanford Department of Genetics, their children Berry, Jana, John, and Rick, four grandchildren, and an international extended family of former students and postdocs whose lives and careers he and Lee touched and enriched. Len and Lee were a unique team, their partnership transcending essentially all of the humdrum drudgeries of laboratory management and academic piffle for more than five decades. Len’s contributions were all shared with Lee, and they were each other’s staunchest champions and toughest insider critics (2).

FACS, in conjunction with fluorochrome-labeled Mabs detecting cell surface and intracellular … 

[↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: dangl{at}email.unc.edu.

 [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1

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Founding father of FACS: Professor Leonard A. Herzenberg (1931–2013)

In his textbook, Immunology: The Science of Self-Nonself Discrimination , published in 1982, Jan Klein stated, “The TCR—the molecule in the T cell membrane capable of specifically binding Ags—is the San Andreas Fault of immunology: here the plates rub against each other and a major ‘

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First Sighting of the Elusive T Cell Antigen Receptor

A new antigenic specificity, designated Lym 7.3, defines a third allele of the Ly 7 locus. The monoclonal antibody recognizing this determinant was produced by a hybridoma derived from immunization of B10.D2 Ign mice against a (BALB/c x NZB) F1 murine B lymphoma cell line (WEHI-5). Previously, we reported that another antibody (BD5-334.5) from this fusion reacted with an alloantigen similar or identical to the Ly 7.2 antigen originally described by McKenzie and coworkers. The Lym 7.3 specificity is qualitatively and quantitatively identical to the Lym 7.2 determinant in tissue distribution. Both antibodies react with a majority of splenocytes, peripheral blood lymphocytes, lymph node cells, and mitogen activated blasts from positive strains, but do not react with kidney, liver, or brain tissues by absorption analysis. B lymphocytes expressed significantly higher cell surface density of Lym 7.2 and Lym 7.3 than T lymphocytes. However, these antibodies clearly could be distinguished on the basis of inbred a...

Lewis L. Lanier

Papers

Natural Killer (NK) Cells Respond to CMV Reactivation After Allogeneic Transplantation with An Increase in NKG2C+CD57+ Self-KIR+ NK Cells with Potent IFNγ Production

A Schema for the Classification of Cytotoxic Lymphocytes Based on T Cell Antigen Receptor Gene Rearrangement and Fc Receptor (CD 16) or NKH-1/Leu 19 Antigen Expression

Founding father of FACS: Professor Leonard A. Herzenberg (1931–2013)

First Sighting of the Elusive T Cell Antigen Receptor

Lym 7.3: New murine specificity defining third allele of the ly 7 locus.