Clarkson University

About: Clarkson University is a education organization based out in Potsdam, New York, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Particle & Turbulence. The organization has 4414 authors who have published 10009 publications receiving 305356 citations. The organization is also known as: Thomas S. Clarkson Memorial School of Technology & Thomas S. Clarkson Memorial College of Technology.

Sodium Metal Anodes: Emerging Solutions to Dendrite Growth

Abstract: This comprehensive Review focuses on the key challenges and recent progress regarding sodium-metal anodes employed in sodium-metal batteries (SMBs) The metal anode is the essential component of emerging energy storage systems such as sodium sulfur and sodium selenium, which are discussed as example full-cell applications We begin with a description of the differences in the chemical and physical properties of Na metal versus the oft-studied Li metal, and a corresponding discussion regarding the number of ways in which Na does not follow Li-inherited paradigms in its electrochemical behavior We detail the major challenges for Na-metal systems that at this time limit the feasibility of SMBs The core Na anode problems are the following interrelated degradation mechanisms: An unstable solid electrolyte interphase with most organic electrolytes, "mossy" and "lath-like" metal dendrite growth for liquid systems, poor Coulombic efficiency, and gas evolution Even solid-state Na batteries are not immune, with metal dendrites being reported The solutions may be subdivided into the following interrelated taxonomy: Improved electrolytes and electrolyte additives tailored for Na-metal anodes, interfacial engineering between the metal and the liquid or solid electrolyte, electrode architectures that both reduce the current density during plating-stripping and serve as effective hosts that shield the Na metal from excessive reactions, and alloy design to tune the bulk properties of the metal per se For instance, stable plating-stripping of Na is extremely difficult with conventional carbonate solvents but has been reported with ethers and glymes Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) such as beta-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE), sodium superionic conductor (NASICON), and sodium thiophosphate (75Na2S·25P2S5) present highly exciting opportunities for SMBs that avoid the dangers of flammable liquids Even SSEs are not immune to dendrites, however, which grow through the defects in the bulk pellet, but may be controlled through interfacial energy modification We conclude with a discussion of the key research areas that we feel are the most fruitful for further pursuit In our opinion, greatly improved understanding and control of the SEI structure is the key to cycling stability A holistic approach involving complementary post-mortem, in situ, and operando analyses to elucidate full battery cell level structure-performance relations is advocated

Receipt-free secret-ballot elections (extended abstract)

Abstract: Prior verifiable secret-ballot election protocols all suffer from a common defect whkhrenderst hemunsuitablef orpracticalu se: they allow voters to (if they wish) carry away from the protocol receipts which can be used to prove to others how they voted. This simple defect enables vote buying and coercion which are impractical in current physical election systems due to the " plausible deniability " offered by a voting booth. This defect is embedded, not only within prior election protocols, but within all of the more general protocols for collective computation of a public function from private inputs. This paper presents the first verifiable secret-ballot election protocols in which participants are unable to prove to others how they voted. 1 Introduction In traditional elections, the voting booth does more thi~n allow voters to keep their votes private, it actually requires that votes stay secret. This may seem like a subtle distinction, but it is, in fact, an essential component of secret-ballot elections. If a voter is allowed, but not required, to keep a vote secret, the voter could be coerced by an employer or anyone with power over the voter into casting a certain vote. The cryptographic election schemes found in the literature all suffer from a common deficiency. While they may allow a voter to conceal a vote, they also allow a voter to carry away a receipt which can be used to prove to a third party that a particular vote was cast. While thki receipt may seem like a feature, it eliminates the ability of a voter to deceive others about its vote. The additional capabilities given to an individual voter are actually a dlsadv.antage for that voter! * benaloh@crypt.mcs. — supported in pmt by a Clarkson Graduate Trustees' Scholarship. Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Association of Computing Machinery. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or specific permission. With voting booths, a voter can make promises to employers, accept bribes, and belong to organizations which are committed to a particular vote. Yet the voter, in the privacy of a voting booth, may cast the opposite vote without fear of repercussions or …

Inferring causation from time series in Earth system sciences

Abstract: The heart of the scientific enterprise is a rational effort to understand the causes behind the phenomena we observe. In large-scale complex dynamical systems such as the Earth system, real experiments are rarely feasible. However, a rapidly increasing amount of observational and simulated data opens up the use of novel data-driven causal methods beyond the commonly adopted correlation techniques. Here, we give an overview of causal inference frameworks and identify promising generic application cases common in Earth system sciences and beyond. We discuss challenges and initiate the benchmark platform causeme.net to close the gap between method users and developers.

Enzyme-based logic systems for information processing

Abstract: In this critical review we review enzymatic systems which involve biocatalytic reactions utilized for information processing (biocomputing). Extensive ongoing research in biocomputing, mimicking Boolean logic gates has been motivated by potential applications in biotechnology and medicine. Furthermore, novel sensor concepts have been contemplated with multiple inputs processed biochemically before the final output is coupled to transducing “smart-material” electrodes and other systems. These applications have warranted recent emphasis on networking of biocomputing gates. First few-gate networks have been experimentally realized, including coupling, for instance, to signal-responsive electrodes for signal readout. In order to achieve scalable, stable network design and functioning, considerations of noise propagation and control have been initiated as a new research direction. Optimization of single enzyme-based gates for avoiding analog noise amplification has been explored, as were certain network-optimization concepts. We review and exemplify these developments, as well as offer an outlook for possible future research foci. The latter include design and uses of non-Boolean network elements, e.g., filters, as well as other developments motivated by potential novel sensor and biotechnology applications (136 references).

Medium Access Control protocols for ad hoc wireless networks: A survey

Abstract: Studies of ad hoc wireless networks are a relatively new field gaining more popularity for various new applications. In these networks, the Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols are responsible for coordinating the access from active nodes. These protocols are of significant importance since the wireless communication channel is inherently prone to errors and unique problems such as the hidden-terminal problem, the exposed-terminal problem, and signal fading effects. Although a lot of research has been conducted on MAC protocols, the various issues involved have mostly been presented in isolation of each other. We therefore make an attempt to present a comprehensive survey of major schemes, integrating various related issues and challenges with a view to providing a big-picture outlook to this vast area. We present a classification of MAC protocols and their brief description, based on their operating principles and underlying features. In conclusion, we present a brief summary of key ideas and a general direction for future work.