Showing papers by "Linköping University published in 1992"
TL;DR: Three key themes for future research on internationalization as a process are suggested, dealing with major omissions and weaknesses identified in the review, are: the study of acquisition processes and internationalization, theStudy of dynamic processes in MNCs, and thestudy of internationalization processes in their outer contexts.
Abstract: This paper critically reviews the field of international business research. The field is characterized by considerable intellectual diversity, where theoretical focus is blurred by the multidisciplinary nature of the field. The review focuses on three themes that help shed light on internationalization as a strategy process; stage models of internationalization, studies of the link between strategy and structure in MNCs, and studies of administrative processes in MNCs and recent organizational models for MNCs. Sequential stages models are too deterministic and stress only early stages of internationalization. Conceptual contributions from research on structures following strategies have a very static character. Research on management processes in MNCs have a questionable empirical base and normative bent. Three key themes for future research on internationalization as a process are suggested. These themes, dealing with major omissions and weaknesses identified in the review, are: the study of acquisition processes and internationalization, the study of dynamic processes in MNCs, and the study of internationalization processes in their outer contexts.
749 citations
TL;DR: The study suggests that endoscopically observed inflammatory lesions that appear soon after ileocolic resection for Crohn's disease signify new inflammation and not residual, persistent disease or incomplete anastomotic healing.
Abstract: Forty two Crohn's disease patients were followed up after ileocolic resection with regard to symptoms and endoscopic appearance of the ileocolic anastomosis. Twenty eight patients resected because of colonic neoplasm served as controls. In all the Crohn's disease patients the ileal resection margin was disease free macroscopically at operation. In addition, intraoperative ileoscopy was performed in 13 and no sign of residual inflammation in the neoterminal ileum was seen. Endoscopy soon after surgery often showed preanastomotic ileal ulceration before symptoms appeared, whereas no anastomotic lesions were observed in the controls. Thus, 22 of 30 Crohn's disease patients examined had ulceration of the anastomotic area after three months, but only 10 had developed symptoms indicating relapse (73 v 33%). Corresponding figures in the 30 patients examined after one year were 93 v 37%, and in 14 patients after three years they were 100 and 86% respectively. The inflammatory lesions in all cases were preanastomotic, in the neoterminal ileum, and showed time related progression from aphthae to larger ulcers and stricture. The study suggests that endoscopically observed inflammatory lesions that appear soon after ileocolic resection for Crohn's disease signify new inflammation and not residual, persistent disease or incomplete anastomotic healing. The data further suggest that despite clinical remission after apparently radical intestinal resection, the bowel is permanently inflamed in Crohn's disease.
455 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that educational programs that can have pronounced effects on the health care system have to be repeated approximately every 2 years if long‐term effects are to be expected.
Abstract: In 1983-1984 the Swedish Committee for the Prevention and Treatment of Depression offered an educational program on diagnosis and treatment of depressive disorders to all general practitioners on the island of Gotland. The program has been carefully evaluated; 1982 was used as the baseline and the main evaluation was carried out in 1985. After the educational programs, the frequency of sick leave for depressive disorders decreased, the frequency of inpatient care for depressive disorders decreased to 30% of that at the baseline; the prescription of antidepressants increased, but prescription of major tranquilizers, sedatives and hypnotics decreased. The frequency of suicide on the island decreased significantly. This study describes the long-term effects. In 1988, 3 years after the project ended, the inpatient care for depressive disorders increased, the suicidal rate returned almost to baseline values and the prescription of antidepressants stabilized. Thus, the effects were strictly related in time to the educational programs, indicating that the effects were real and not only a coincidence with local trends on Gotland. Furthermore, the results indicate that educational programs that can have pronounced effects on the health care system have to be repeated approximately every 2 years if long-term effects are to be expected.
369 citations
TL;DR: Titanium has low ion-formation tendency and low reactivity with macromolecules, accompanied by low toxicity in aqueous environments, and does not facilitate reactive oxygen radical generation during inflammatory conditions as observed in in-vitro experiments.
339 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a novel high speed CMOS integrated current comparator structure is presented which uses a source-follower input stage and a CMOS inverter as a positive feedback.
Abstract: A novel high speed CMOS integrated current comparator structure is presented which uses a source-follower input stage and a CMOS inverter as a positive feedback. It exhibits short propagation delay and occupies a small chip area.
330 citations
TL;DR: Extremely well-resolved Si 2p core-level spectra have been obtained and the split of ∼0.55 eV between the two dimer-atom components points to a substantial charge transfer within the dimers.
Abstract: Extremely well-resolved Si 2p core-level spectra have been obtained from the clean Si(001) surface. Spectra from the cold c(4×2) and the RT 2×1 surfaces are very similar, implying that the local structure of the two reconstructions is the same. Shifted components originating from both up and down atoms of asymmetric dimers, as well as second-layer atoms, are identified. The split of ∼0.55 eV between the two dimer-atom components points to a substantial charge transfer within the dimers. We find no support for the recently proposed crystal-field splitting of the surface components
287 citations
TL;DR: It is indicated that loneliness may be significant at all stages in the course of alcoholism: as a contributing and maintaining factor in the growth of abuse and as an encumbrance in attempts to give it up.
247 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that cytoplasmic expression of p53 may be a useful biological indicator of prognosis in colorectal adenocarcinoma.
225 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that the multidimensional signal subspace method, termed weighted subspace fitting (WSF), is asymptotically efficient, which results in a novel, compact matrix expression for the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) on the estimation error variance.
Abstract: It is shown that the multidimensional signal subspace method, termed weighted subspace fitting (WSF), is asymptotically efficient. This results in a novel, compact matrix expression for the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) on the estimation error variance. The asymptotic analysis of the maximum likelihood (ML) and WSF methods is extended to deterministic emitter signals. The asymptotic properties of the estimates for this case are shown to be identical to the Gaussian emitter signal case, i.e. independent of the actual signal waveforms. Conclusions concerning the modeling aspect of the sensor array problem are drawn. >
211 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the problem of deriving so-called hard error bounds for estimated transfer functions is addressed, i.e., the true system Nyquist plot will be confined with certainty to a given region, provided that the underlying assumptions are satisfied.
Abstract: The problem of deriving so-called hard-error bounds for estimated transfer functions is addressed. A hard bound is one that is sure to be satisfied, i.e. the true system Nyquist plot will be confined with certainty to a given region, provided that the underlying assumptions are satisfied. By blending a priori knowledge and information obtained from measured data, it is shown how the uncertainty of transfer function estimates can be quantified. The emphasis is on errors due to model mismatch. The effects of unmodeled dynamics can be considered as bounded disturbances. Hence, techniques from set membership identification can be applied to this problem. The approach taken corresponds to weighted least-squares estimation, and provides hard frequency-domain transfer function error bounds. The main assumptions used in the current contribution are: that the measurement errors are bounded, that the true system is indeed linear with a certain degree of stability, and that there is some knowledge about the shape of the true frequency response. >
201 citations
TL;DR: The results provide evidence that it is possible to monitor respiratory and heart rates using the reflection mode of photoplethysmography (PPG), and the method is suitable for the observation of both adults and neonates, in hospitals as well as in other environments.
Abstract: A new method, which uses a fibre-optic probe to monitor respiratory and heart rates simultaneously, has been developed and evaluated. The results provide evidence that it is possible to monitor respiratory and heart rates using the reflection mode of photoplethysmography (PPG). The fibre-optic probe makes it possible to monitor from different sites on the patient, and the method is convenient to use. In addition, the probe is X-ray transparent, insensitive to electromagnetic interference (e.g. during MRI investigation) and may be made very light and small. Therefore the method is suitable for the observation of both adults and neonates, in hospitals as well as in other environments.
01 Mar 1992
TL;DR: In this paper, a double layer is formed on gold, for the UHV-prepared layer and evidence is found for the coordination of both amino and carboxyl groups to the surface, in addition to chemisorption through the thiol group.
Abstract: l -Cysteine adsorbates and multilayer films on gold and copper surfaces have been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Both adsorbates, prepared by vapor deposition in UHV and prepared from solution, strongly indicate a dissociative chemisorption through the thiol group (−SH) on the metal surface. We suggest that an organized double layer is formed on gold, for the UHV-prepared layer. In the case of copper, evidence is found for the coordination of both amino and carboxyl groups to the surface, in addition to chemisorption through the thiol group. When l -cysteine is adsorbed from solution on copper, all of the thiol groups interact with copper ions, even in a 25-A-thick layer. This indicates copper ion diffusion and copper complex formation through the entire layer.
TL;DR: Prolyl isomerase, which has been shown to accelerate rate-limiting cis-trans peptidyl-proline isomerization steps in the folding pathway, can also participate in the protein-folding process as a chaperone.
Abstract: Several proteins have been discovered that either catalyze slow protein-folding reactions or assist folding in the cell. Prolyl isomerase, which has been shown to accelerate rate-limiting cis-trans peptidyl-proline isomerization steps in the folding pathway, can also participate in the protein-folding process as a chaperone. This function is exerted on an early folding intermediate of carbonic anhydrase, which is thereby prevented from aggregating, whereas the isomerase activity is performed later in the folding process.
TL;DR: This is a report of the localization of one gene for Usher syndrome type I to chromosome 11q, probably distal to marker D11S527, and this second localization establishes the existence of a new and independent locus forUsher syndrome.
TL;DR: The findings suggest that the ability of cigarette smoke to cause DNA single strand breaks in cultured lung cells is due to mechanisms involving hydroxyl radical attack on DNA and endonuclease activation, and that hydroquinone is an important contributor to the DNA damaging effect of cigarette Smoke on human lung cells.
Proceedings Article•
07 Apr 1992TL;DR: The sequential, raster scanning algorithm for performing Euclidean distance transformation of binary images is not separable. This makes it useful only on single processor systems as discussed by the authors, and it is not suitable for many types of parallel architectures as well.
Abstract: The sequential, raster scanning algorithm for performing Euclidean distance transformation of binary images is not separable. This makes it useful only on single processor systems. The author suggests variants for 2, 3 and arbitrary dimensions that are separable, which makes them suitable for many types of parallel architectures as well. The results include a 4-scan algorithm for 3-dimensional images.<
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TL;DR: It is suggested that the causal gene is important for maintenance of extracellular calcium homeostasis by the parathyroid gland and kidney and that identification of the FHH gene will improve understanding of the molecular basis for physiologic and pathologic regulation of calcium.
Abstract: Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) is an autosomal dominant syndrome of unknown aetiology characterized by lifelong elevation in serum calcium concentration and low urinary calcium excretion. These features suggest that the causal gene is important for maintenance of extracellular calcium homeostasis by the parathyroid gland and kidney. To identify the chromosomal location of FHH gene(s), we clinically evaluated 114 individuals in four unrelated affected families and performed linkage analyses. The disease gene mapped to the long arm of chromosome 3 in each family (combined maximum multipoint lod score = 20.67). We suggest that this is the predominant FHH locus and anticipate that identification of the FHH gene will improve our understanding of the molecular basis for physiologic and pathologic regulation of calcium.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In the present study, a high IgA antigliadin activity had a positive predictive value between 18% and 25% in individuals without symptoms indicative of celiac disease depending on the way the cut-off points were chosen.
Abstract: Sera from 1866 healthy blood donors and from 40 untreated adults with celiac disease were analyzed using a micro-ELISA assay. Blood donors with IgA antigliadin activity greater than 40 units corresponding to the 96.8th percentile and IgG antigliadin activity greater than 20 units corresponding to the 91.3rd percentile were selected for further investigation and jejunal biopsy. Seven of 49 blood donors with high IgA antigliadin activity showed mucosal lesions typical for celiac disease. None of the donors with high IgG antigliadin activity (35 subjects) but without high IgA activity had such mucosal lesions. A prevalence of celiac disease of at least 1/256 was observed in the donor group. There were significant age-group differences in IgA antigliadin activity. In the present study, a high IgA antigliadin activity had a positive predictive value between 18% and 25% in individuals without symptoms indicative of celiac disease depending on the way the cut-off points were chosen. In contrast, the positive predictive value of high IgG antigliadin activity alone was estimated to be 0%.
TL;DR: The performance on a conversation-following task by 24 hearing-impaired persons was compared with that of 24 matched controls with normal hearing in the presence of three background noises, and the prediction about lipreading was confirmed.
Abstract: The performance on a conversation-following task by 24 hearing-impaired persons was compared with that of 24 matched controls with normal hearing in the presence of three background noises: (a) speech-spectrum random noise, (b) a male voice, and (c) the male voice played in reverse. The subjects' task was to readjust the sound level of a female voice (signal), every time the signal voice was attenuated, to the subjective level at which it was just possible to understand what was being said. To assess the benefit of lipreading, half of the material was presented audiovisually and half auditorily only. It was predicted that background speech would have a greater masking effect than reversed speech, which would in turn have a lesser masking effect than random noise. It was predicted that hearing-impaired subjects would perform more poorly than the normal-hearing controls in a background of speech. The influence of lipreading was expected to be constant across groups and conditions. The results showed that the hearing-impaired subjects were equally affected by the three background noises and that normal-hearing persons were less affected by the background speech than by noise. The performance of the normal-hearing persons was superior to that of the hearing-impaired subjects. The prediction about lipreading was confirmed. The results were explained in terms of the reduced temporal resolution by the hearing-impaired subjects.
TL;DR: Aspects of QoL that are of relevance in the perimenopause and postmenopause were evaluated using the Psychological General Well-Being index, the Women's Health Questionnaire (WHQ) and the Sleep Dysfunction Scale before and after 3 and 9 months of therapy in the oestrogen phase.
TL;DR: The results suggest that folic acid supplementation should be tried in IC subjects with hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia, as it was independent of the other above‐mentioned risk factors.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to test the question of hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia as a risk factor for intermittent claudication (IC) independent of other important risk factors for peripheral atherosclerotic disease, such as smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, low levels of high-density-lipoprotein (HLD) cholesterol and age. The study population was recruited from an epidemiological study in Linkoping County, Sweden, where all middle-aged men (n = 15,253, 45-69 years of age) were screened for IC. Seventy-eight subjects with verified IC and 98 healthy sex- and age-matched controls were randomly selected. Plasma levels of homocyst(e)ine (including the sum of free and bound forms of homocysteine and their disulphide oxidation products, homocystine, and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulphide) were significantly higher (16.74 +/- 5.45 mumol l-1, mean value +/- SD, P = 0.0002) in IC subjects than in controls (13.80 +/- 3.21 mumol l-1), with 23% of the claudicants above the 95th percentile for controls. Stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that the difference in plasma homocyst(e)ine was independent of the other above-mentioned risk factors. Moreover, the elevation of plasma homocyst(e)ine in claudicants was mainly confined to subjects with serum folate levels of less than or equal to 11.0 nmol l-1. The results suggest that folic acid supplementation should be tried in IC subjects with hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia.
TL;DR: Inbred, congenic, and intra-H-2-recombinant mouse strains were given subcutaneous injections of either 1.6 mg HgCl2/kg body wt or 0.1 ml NaCl thrice weekly for 5-6 weeks to confirm earlier reports that expression of H-2E genes dampens the development of ANoA.
TL;DR: It is argued that the rate of mitochondrial O2- and H2O2 generation rather than the antioxidant level may act as a longevity determinant.
Abstract: Mitochondria are the major intracellular producers of O 2 − and H 2 O 2 . The level of oxidative stress in cells, as indicated by the in vivo exhalation of alkanes and the concentration of molecular products of oxy-radical reactions, increases during aging in mammals as well as insects. In this paper, we discuss the relationship between mitochondrial generaton of O 2 − and H 2 O 2 , and the aging process. The rate of mitochondrial O 2 − and H 2 O 2 generation increases with age in houselifes and the brain, heart and liver of rat. This rate has been found to correspond to the life expectancy of flies to the maximum life span potential (MLSP) of six different mammalian species, namely, mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, pig and cow. In contrast, the level of antioxidant defenses provided by activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione concentration neither uniformly declines with age nor corresponds to variations in MLSP of different mammalian species. It is argued that the rate of mitochondrial O 2 − and H 2 O 2 generation rather than the antioxidant level may act as a longevity determinant.
TL;DR: In this article, a neural network model for dynamical systems has been proposed, which is often characterized by the fact that they use a fairly large amount of parameters and is often unsuitable for dynamic systems.
TL;DR: A series of 122 patients with a cytological diagnosis of well or moderately differentiated and clinically localised (T1-2) prostatic carcinoma were followed up without any initial anti-tumour therapy and 47 patients died, 38 of them from prostatic cancer.
Abstract: A series of 122 patients with a cytological diagnosis of well or moderately differentiated and clinically localised (T1-2) prostatic carcinoma were followed up without any initial anti-tumour therapy. The median observation time was 91 months. During follow-up the local tumour progressed to stage T3 in 67 patients (55%) and distant metastases developed in 17 (14%), 47 patients died (38%), 9 of them (7%) from prostatic carcinoma. The risk of dying from prostatic carcinoma was 1% after 5 years and 16% after 10 years for patients not dying from other causes
TL;DR: Improved blood glucose control by insulin treatment in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus increases the risk for hypoglycaemic episodes and ST‐depression in ECG leads V2 and V6 was observed in five patients (p < 0.05) and four patients developed flattening of the T‐wave.
Abstract: Improved blood glucose control by insulin treatment in patients with Type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus increases the risk for hypoglycaemic episodes. Our objective was to investigate if hypoglycaemia causes electrocardiographic changes and cardiac arrhythmias in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Six insulin-treated patients with Type 2 diabetes and no known cardiac disease took part in the study. Hypoglycaemia was induced by insulin infusion aiming at a plasma glucose ≥ 2.0 mmol I−1 or hypoglycaemic symptoms. All patients experienced hypoglycaemic symptoms. The median lowest arterial plasma glucose was 2.0 mmol I−1. Arterial plasma adrenaline concentration increased from 0.4 ± 0.1 (mean ± SE) to 6.9 ±0.3 nmol I−1 (p < 0.001) while serum potassium was lowered from 4.1 ± 0.3 mmol I−1 to 3.5 ± 0.2 mmol I−1 (p < 0.001). The heart rate increased significantly during hypoglycaemia except in one patient who developed hypoglycaemic symptoms and a severe bradyarrhythmia at a plasma glucose of 4.4 mmol I−1. One patient developed frequent ventricular ectopic beats during hypoglycaemia while four patients showed no arrhythmia. ST-depression in ECG leads V2 and V6 was observed during hypoglycaemia in five patients (p < 0.05) and four patients developed flattening of the T-wave.
In conclusion, the study supports the hypothesis that hypoglycaemia in patients with Type 2 diabetes may be hazardous by causing cardiac arrhythmias.
TL;DR: This paper presents a method for semi-automatic bug localization, generalized algorithmic debugging, which has been integrated with the category partition method for functional testing, and believes that this is the first generalization of algorithmic Debugging for programs with side-effects written in imperative languages such as Pascal.
Abstract: This paper presents a method for semi-automatic bug localization, generalized algorithmic debugging, which has been integrated with the category partition method for functional testing. In this way the efficiency of the algorithmic debugging method for bug localization can be improved by using test specifications and test results. The long-range goal of this work is a semi-automatic debugging and testing system which can be used during large-scale program development of nontrivial programs.The method is generally applicable to procedural langua ges and is not dependent on any ad hoc assumptions regarding the subject program. The original form of algorithmic debugging, introduced by Shapiro, was however limited to small Prolog programs without side-effects, but has later been generalized to concurrent logic programming languages. Another drawback of the original method is the large number of interactions with the user during bug localization.To our knowledge, this is the first method which uses category partition testing to improve the bug localization properties of algorithmic debugging. The method can avoid irrelevant questions to the programmer by categorizing input parameters and then match these against test cases in the test database. Additionally, we use program slicing, a data flow analysis technique, to dynamically compute which parts of the program are relevant for the search, thus further improving bug localization.We believe that this is the first generalization of algorithmic debugging for programs with side-effects written in imperative languages such as Pascal. These improvements together makes it more feasible to debug larger programs. However, additional improvements are needed to make it handle pointer-related side-effects and concurrent Pascal programs.A prototype generalized algorithmic debugger for a Pascal subset without pointer side-effects and a test case generator for application programs in Pascal, C, dBase, and LOTUS have been implemented.
TL;DR: The authors address the processing of the declarative OO language WS-OSQL, provided by the fully operational prototype OODB called WS-IRIS, and performs about as fast as current OODBs with procedural interfaces only and is much faster than known relationally complete systems.
Abstract: Object-oriented database systems (OODBs) have created a demand for relationally complete, extensible, and declarative object-oriented query languages. Until now, the runtime performance of such languages was far behind that of procedural OO interfaces. One reason is the internal use of a relational engine with magnetic disk resident databases. The authors address the processing of the declarative OO language WS-OSQL, provided by the fully operational prototype OODB called WS-IRIS. A WS-IRIS database is main memory (MM) resident. The system architecture, data structures, and optimization techniques are designed accordingly. WS-OSQL queries are compiled into an OO extension of Datalog called ObjectLog, providing for objects, typing, overloading, and foreign predicates for extensibility. Cost-based optimizations in WS-IRIS using ObjectLog are presented. Performance tests show that WS-IRIS is about as fast as current OODBs with procedural interfaces only and is much faster than known relationally complete systems. These results would not be possible for a traditional disk-based implementation. However, MM residency of a database appears to be only a necessary condition for better performance. An efficient optimization is of crucial importance as well. >