Showing papers by "National Autonomous University of Nicaragua published in 2018"

What do epidemiological studies tell us about chronic kidney disease of undetermined cause in Meso-America? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract: Background: The aim of this systematic review is to examine the epidemiological knowledge and gaps in understanding of the potential causes of chronic kidney disease of undetermined cause (CKDu) in Meso-America. // Methods: A systematic literature search of epidemiological studies of CKDu was conducted in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science from January 2000 to January 2017. Study quality was assessed by adapting the tool from Higgins et al. for observational studies. Where applicable, the summary prevalence odds ratio (POR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random effects model. // Results: Twenty-five epidemiological studies were included in the analysis of risk factors for CKDu. The quality assessment of each occupational and community study was medium. The PORs for CKDu were males versus females 2.42 (95% CI 1.76–3.08), family history of CKD (versus none) 1.84 (95% CI 1.37–2.30), high water intake (versus low) 1.61 (95% CI 1.01–2.21) and low altitude (versus highland) 2.09 (95% CI 1.00–3.17). There were no significant associations between CKDu and pesticide exposure (versus no) 1.17 (95% CI 0.87–1.46), alcohol consumption (versus no) 1.34 (95% CI 0.84–1.84), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (versus no) 0.99 (95% CI 0.60–1.39) and heat stress (versus no) 1.52 (95% CI −0.91 – 3.95). // Conclusion: Our meta-analysis showed positive associations for males (versus females) and family history of CKD, water intake, lowland altitude and CKDu. There were no significant associations with pesticide exposure, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs intake, heat stress and alcohol consumption.

Decline in Kidney Function among Apparently Healthy Young Adults at Risk of Mesoamerican Nephropathy

Abstract: Background Epidemic levels of CKD of undetermined cause, termed Mesoamerican nephropathy in Central America, have been found in low- and middle-income countries. We investigated the natural history of, and factors associated with, loss of kidney function in a population at high risk for this disease.Methods We conducted a 2-year prospective, longitudinal study with follow-up every 6 months in nine rural communities in northwestern Nicaragua and included all men (n=263) and a random sample of women (n=87) ages 18-30 years old without self-reported CKD, diabetes, or hypertension. We used growth mixture modeling to identify subgroups of eGFR trajectory and weighted multinomial logistic regression to examine associations with proposed risk factors.Results Among men, we identified three subpopulations of eGFR trajectory (mean baseline eGFR; mean eGFR change over follow-up): 81% remained stable (116 ml/min per 1.73 m2; -0.6 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year), 9.5% experienced rapid decline despite normal baseline function (112 ml/min per 1.73 m2; -18.2 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year), and 9.5% had baseline dysfunction (58 ml/min per 1.73 m2; -3.8 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year). Among women: 96.6% remained stable (121 ml/min per 1.73 m2; -0.6 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year), and 3.4% experienced rapid decline (132 ml/min per 1.73 m2; -14.6 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year; n=3 women). Among men, outdoor and agricultural work and lack of shade availability during work breaks, reported at baseline, were associated with rapid decline.Conclusions Although Mesoamerican nephropathy is associated with agricultural work, other factors may also contribute to this disease.

The Lewis A phenotype is a restriction factor for Rotateq and Rotarix vaccine-take in Nicaraguan children

Abstract: Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) and the Lewis and secretor antigens are associated with susceptibility to rotavirus infection in a genotype-dependent manner. Nicaraguan children were prospectively enrolled in two cohorts vaccinated with either RotaTeq RV5 (n = 68) or Rotarix RV1 (n = 168). Lewis and secretor antigens were determined by saliva phenotyping and genotyping. Seroconversion was defined as a 4-fold increase in plasma IgA antibody titer 1 month after administration of the first dose of the vaccine. Regardless of the vaccine administered, significantly fewer of the children with Lewis A phenotype (0/14) seroconverted after receiving the first vaccine dose compared to 26% (45/175) of those with the Lewis B phenotype and 32% (15/47) of the Lewis negative individuals (P < 0.01). Furthermore, following administration of the RV1 vaccine, secretor-positive ABO blood group B children seroconverted to a significantly lesser extent (5%) compared to secretor-positive children with ABO blood groups A (26%) and O (27%) (P < 0.05). Other factors such as pre-vaccination titers, sex, breastfeeding, and calprotectin levels did not influence vaccine-take. Differences in HBGA expression appear to be a contributing factor in the discrepancy in vaccine-take and thus, in vaccine efficacy in different ethnic populations.

Comparative Rice Bran Metabolomics across Diverse Cultivars and Functional Rice Gene⁻Bran Metabolite Relationships.

Abstract: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) processing yields ~60 million metric tons of bran annually. Rice genes producing bran metabolites of nutritional and human health importance were assessed across 17 diverse cultivars from seven countries using non-targeted metabolomics, and resulted in 378⁻430 metabolites. Gambiaka cultivar had the highest number and Njavara had the lowest number of metabolites. The 71 rice bran compounds of significant variation by cultivar included 21 amino acids, seven carbohydrates, two metabolites from cofactors and vitamins, 33 lipids, six nucleotides, and two secondary metabolites. Tryptophan, α-ketoglutarate, γ-tocopherol/β-tocopherol, and γ-tocotrienol are examples of bran metabolites with extensive cultivar variation and genetic information. Thirty-four rice bran components that varied between cultivars linked to 535 putative biosynthetic genes using to the OryzaCyc 4.0, Plant Metabolic Network database. Rice genes responsible for bran composition with animal and human health importance is available for rice breeding programs to utilize in crop improvement.

Evaluating the benefits of a youth mental health curriculum for students in Nicaragua: a parallel-group, controlled pilot investigation.

Abstract: Background High rates of mental illness and addictions are well documented among youth in Nicaragua. Limited mental health services, poor mental health knowledge and stigma reduce help-seeking. The Mental Health Curriculum (MHC) is a Canadian school-based program that has shown a positive impact on such contributing factors. This pilot project evaluated the impact of the MHC on mental wellness and functioning among youth in Leon, Nicaragua. Methods High school and university students (aged 14-25 years) were assigned to intervention (12-week MHC; n = 567) and control (wait-list; n = 346) groups in a non-randomized design. Both groups completed measures of mental health knowledge, stigma and function at baseline and 12 weeks. Multivariate analyses and repeated measures analyses were used to compare group outcomes. Results At baseline, intervention students showed higher substance use (mean difference [MD] = 0.24) and lower perceived stress (MD = -1.36) than controls (p 0.05). Conclusions This pilot investigation demonstrates the benefits of the MHC in a low-and-middle-income youth population. The findings replicate results found in Canadian student populations and support its cross-cultural applicability.

Interethnic Variability in CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 Genes and Predicted Drug Metabolism Phenotypes Among 6060 Ibero- and Native Americans: RIBEF-CEIBA Consortium Report on Population Pharmacogenomics.

Abstract: Pharmacogenetic variation in Latin Americans is understudied, which sets a barrier for the goal of global precision medicine. The RIBEF-CEIBA Network Consortium was established to characte...

Near-Complete Genome Sequences of Several New Norovirus Genogroup II Genotypes.

Abstract: We report here the near-complete genome sequences of 13 norovirus strains detected in stool samples from patients with acute gastroenteritis from Bangladesh, Ecuador, Guatemala, Peru, Nicaragua, and the United States that are classified into one existing (genotype II.22 [GII.22]), 3 novel (GII.23, GII.24 and GII.25), and 3 tentative novel (GII.NA1, GII.NA2, and GII.NA3) genotypes.

High-resolution HLA allele and haplotype frequencies in majority and minority populations of Costa Rica and Nicaragua: Differential admixture proportions in neighboring countries.

Abstract: The HLA system shows the most extensive polymorphism in the human genome. Allelic and haplotypic frequencies of HLA genes vary dramatically across human populations. Due to a complex history of migration, populations in Latin America show a broad variety of admixture proportions, usually varying not only between countries, but also within countries. Knowledge of HLA allele and haplotype frequencies is essential for medical fields such as transplantation, but also serves as a means to assess genetic diversity and ancestry in human populations. Here, we have determined high-resolution HLA-A, -B, -C, and -DRB1 allele and haplotype frequencies in a sample of 713 healthy subjects from three Mestizo populations, one population of African descent, and Amerindians of five different groups from Costa Rica and Nicaragua and compared their profiles to a large set of indigenous populations from Iberia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Americas. Our results show a great degree of allelic and haplotypic diversity within and across these populations, with most extended haplotypes being private. Mestizo populations show alleles and haplotypes of putative European, Amerindian, and Sub-Saharan African origin, albeit with differential proportions. Despite some degree of gene flow, Amerindians and Afro-descendants show great similarity to other Amerindian and West African populations, respectively. This is the first comprehensive study reporting high-resolution HLA diversity in Central America, and its results will shed light into the genetic history of this region while also supporting the development of medical programs for organ and stem cell transplantation.

Homeless People in Nicaragua: A Point‐in‐Time Count in León

Abstract: This work analyses the difficulties encounter to determine who should be considered a homeless person in a developing country, and the result of a point-in-time count of homeless people done in the city of Leon (185,000 inhabitants), Nicaragua. Throughout the point-in-time count, 82 unduplicated persons living homeless were tallied (76% male; 23% female); 11% were under age. Half of the homeless detected seemed to have problems related to mental health, alcohol and drugs, and/or wounds, dermatological or dental problems. Sixty-nine percent showed a bad physical appearance, 74% had poor personal hygiene, and 80% had the dirty or very dirty clothes.

Addressing the Problem of Harmful Algal Blooms in Latin America and the Caribbean- A Regional Network for Early Warning and Response

Abstract: La proliferacion de algas nocivas (HAB) constituye un problema mundial que afecta a los organismos acuaticos. Ecosistemas, salud publica y economias locales. Con el apoyo de la Agencia Internacional de Energia Atomica desde 2009, paises de America Latina y el Caribe (ALC), incluidos Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Republica Dominicana, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Uruguay y Venezuela, han integrado un plan regional Red para la alerta temprana de HABs y biotoxinas en mariscos. Las capacidades tecnicas tienen desarrollado a nivel regional para identificar especies toxicas, evaluar la toxicidad de la biota y realizar analisis retrospectivo de ocurrencia de HAB. Esta red involucra el 58% de los paises costeros de ALC, dos centros de referencia regionales (en El Salvador y Cuba), 14 instituciones bien equipadas y 177 profesionales capacitados para contribuir a la operacion de programas de monitorizacion de HAB y biotoxinas. Todos los paises de la red han reportado especies toxicas planctonicas y bentonicas, y en casos seleccionados, asociadas con toxinas en biota. El analisis de la abundancia de dinocistos en nucleos de sedimentos fechados en 210Pb ha demostrado que algunas especies daninas han estado presentes en la region por al menos 100 anos, y que tanto la contaminacion del agua costera como el cambio climatico son factores importantes para HAB ocurrencia. Se deben hacer esfuerzos para enriquecer los registros de la base de datos en eventos HAB ocurridos en ALC, se comprenden mejor las variables ambientales clave que controlan los HAB y ampliar la cobertura del monitoreo de HAB a todos los paises costeros de ALC para promover el desarrollo sostenible de la region.

Advancing Reliable Data for Cancer Control in the Central America Four Region.

Abstract: The Central America Four (CA-4) region, comprising Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Nicaragua, is the largest low- and middle-income country region in the Western Hemisphere, with over 36 million inhabitants. The CA-4 nations share a common geography, history, language, and development indices, and unified with open borders in 2006. The growing CA-4 cancer burden among the noncommunicable diseases is expected to increase 73% by 2030, which argues for a regional approach to cancer control. This has driven efforts to establish population-based cancer registries as a central component of the cancer control plans. The involvement of international and academic partners in an array of initiatives to improve cancer information and control in the CA-4 has accelerated over the past several years. Existing data underscore that the infectious cancers (cervical, stomach, and liver) are a particular burden. All four countries have committed to establishing regional population-based cancer registries and have advanced significantly in pediatric cancer registration. The challenges common to each nation include the lack of national cancer control plans and departments, competing health priorities, lack of trained personnel, and sustainability strategies. General recommendations to address these challenges are outlined. The ongoing regional, international, and academic cooperation has proven helpful and is expected to continue to be a powerful instrument to contribute to the design and implementation of long-term national cancer control plans.

Litterfall and nutrient dynamics shift in tropical forest restoration sites after a decade of recovery

Abstract: Author(s): Lanuza, Oscar; Casanoves, Fernando; Zahawi, Rakan A; Celentano, Danielle; Delgado, Diego; Holl, Karen D

The Effect of Statins in Epilepsy: A Systematic Review

Abstract: Background and objectives Statins are inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, used for the management of hypercholesterolemia and related atherosclerotic diseases Several studies have indicated the neuroprotective effects of statins on several neuropathological conditions However, the role of these medications in epilepsy is still unclear The purpose is to evaluate and summarize the level of evidence on the efficacy of statins in neuronal hyperexcitability and the neuroinflammatory processes of epilepsy Methods A systematic review was performed Eligibility Criteria: This review involved studies conducted in humans and nonhuman experimental models, covering the use of an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, alone or accompanied by another medication, in epilepsy Information Sources: A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Ebsco Host, Scopus, Science Direct, Medline, and LILACS Risk of Bias: It was evaluated with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the experimental studies were evaluated using the GRADE tool Results Twenty articles of the 183 evaluated were included Sixteen studies were conducted in animal models and four studies in humans Most studies in mice reported a reduction in epileptiform activity and reduction in systemic inflammation with the treatment of statins, potentially influencing epilepsy control Few studies in humans were performed in the geriatric population with variable results (neuroinflammation, seizure prevention, cell death, prevention of kindling, increase in convulsive threshold, increase in latency, decrease in frequency of crisis, and reduction in mortality) related to reduction in the rate of hospitalizations, mortality, and prevention of epilepsy Studies in mice found a decrease in interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha and an increase in IL-10 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase Conclusions The possible antiepileptic mechanism of statins may be related to the reduction in neuroinflammation mediated by a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines and action in the nitrergic system Further studies evaluating the impact of statins on seizure control are necessary

The resilience of Triatoma dimidiata: An analysis of reinfestation in the Nicaraguan Chagas disease vector control program (2010–2016)

Abstract: Background The control of Triatoma dimidiata, a major vector of Chagas disease, was believed to eliminate Trypanosoma cruzi transmission in Central America. This vector was known for its ability to repeatedly reinfest human dwellings even after initial insecticide spraying. Current vector control programs assume that community-based surveillance can maintain low levels of infestation over many years, despite a lack of evidence in the literature to corroborate this assumption. This study aims to evaluate long-term reinfestation risk in the Nicaraguan vector control program from 2010 to 2016. Methods We collected data from a cohort of 395 houses in Pueblo Nuevo, Nicaragua. Primary data were collected through a field survey to assess post-intervention levels of T. dimidiata house infestation in 2016, two years after the large-scale insecticide spraying. We obtained secondary data from the records about past infestation levels and control activities between 2010 and 2015. Multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with post-intervention house infestation. Results The control program effectively reduced the infestation level from 2010 to 2014. Community-based surveillance was introduced in 2013; however, post-intervention infestation in 2016 had nearly reached pre-intervention levels in rural villages. Post-intervention house infestation was positively associated with poor wall construction, roofing tiles piled in the peri-domestic areas or the presence of dogs. Interestingly, the odds of post-intervention house infestation were one-fifth less when villagers sprayed their own houses regularly. Past infestation levels and the intensity of government-led insecticide spraying did not explain post-intervention house infestation. Conclusions The vector control program failed to offer sustained reductions in T. dimidiata house infestation. This experience would suggest that community-based surveillance is an insufficient approach to suppressing T. dimidiata house infestation over many years. This study provides evidence to suggest that control policies for T. dimidiata should be reconsidered throughout Central America.

Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections and Anemia in Schoolchildren from Corn Island Archipelago (RAAS, Nicaragua).

Abstract: The prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections in schoolchildren from Corn Islands (Nicaragua) were examined to detect mono- or poly-STH infected children, measuring different intensity levels, and to elucidate measurably increased odds of being anemic. A total of 341 stool samples provided by 2- to 15-year-old children were examined using a concentration technique and a Kato-Katz slide. Intensity of infection was expressed as eggs per gram (epg) of feces to classify light, moderate, or heavy intensity infection. A finger-prick blood sample was obtained from each student in the field. Soil-transmitted helminth prevalence was 54.3%, with Trichuris trichiura as the most prevalent species (48.9%). The combination T. trichiura/Ascaris lumbricoides (12.6%) was the most common. When T. trichiura or A. lumbricoides appeared as a single infection, light or moderate intensity infections were seen, whereas when multiple species were identified, heavy infections were present. Anemia was detected in those with any kind of STH infection (42.7%), with statistically significant differences (P = 0.004) when compared with uninfected individuals (28.2%). Polyparasite infection with one parasite species at moderate intensity and the other parasite species at light intensity or absent was found to be a significant factor for the odds of being anemic (odds ratio = 2.07). The present study reveals a high level of STH transmission requiring a deworming control program in Corn Islands and pointing to the need of improving the education and sanitary conditions of the population to avoid environmental contamination and reinfection.

La revolución verde

Abstract: The subject included is the green revolution and its impact. Agriculture became the main source of human sustenance, world production has suffered a number of changes in recent years influenced by the use of agrochemicals and fertilizers. As the twentieth century came an increase in agricultural production and this surpassed the current increase in population and this is called "green revolution." This was a renewal in the way of producing sources of trade this was based on the production of monoculture and where fertilizers and pesticides were used with greater proportion and this brought with it the massive increase of many important crops causing a revolution in the productive sector.

Análisis del sobrepeso, obesidad, niveles de actividad física y autoestima de la niñez de León, Nicaragua

Abstract: espanolEl objetivo de esta investigacion fue analizar la prevalencia del sobrepeso u obesidad, los niveles de actividad fisica y de autoestima en una region escolar nicaraguense. Se evaluaron 731 estudiantes de 10 escuelas del departamento de Leon Nicaragua, de los cuales 260 fueron de cuarto, 226 de quinto y 245 de sexto grado, en edades entre los 9 y 13 anos. Para medir cada variable del estudio se evaluo la talla y el peso, para el calculo del IMC, el cuestionario de actividad fisica para ninos y ninas mayores (PAQ-C) y el cuestionario sobre autoestima (LAWSEQ). Segun los resultados un 25 % de los estudiantes tienen una prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad y un 4 % en bajo peso. En el nivel de actividad fisica, un 77 % indica realizar actividad fisica moderada. Con respecto a la autoestima, se encontro que un 51 % presenta baja autoestima y solo un 4 % nivel alto. Estos resultados marcan el rumbo para el desarrollo de intervenciones que contemplen el entorno escolar, con el fin de propiciar estrategias que logren activar a la ninez, de por vida, hacia un estilo de vida mas saludable. EnglishThe objective of this investigation was to analyze the prevalence of overweight or obesity, the levels of physical activity and self-esteem in a Nicaragua school region. 731 students from 10 schools in the department of Leon Nicaragua were evaluated: 260 were in fourth grade, 226 in fifth grades and 245 in sixth grades, between 9 and 13 years old. Height and weight evaluation to calculate BMI, the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C), and Lawrence Self-Esteem Questionnaire (LAWSEQ) were applied. According to the results, 25% of students have a prevalence of overweight and obesity and 4% in low weight. In physical activity, 77% perceive themselves to be moderately active. Regarding self-esteem, it was found that 51% had low self-esteem and only 4% had a high level of self-esteem. This directs the course for the development of interventions that contemplate the school environment, in order to promote strategies that activate lifelong childhood to a healthier lifestyle.

Cómo redactar los antecedentes de una investigación cualitativa

Abstract: The irruption in the field of educational research for those who open up to view and always become a number of fears, uncertainty and confusions that soon become questions in a series of questions: How to write the background of an investigation? qualitative? This is an issue that interests us, that raises the academic future. To do this, a documentary path based on the technique of documentary review has been taken, and a set of scientific books and articles has been analyzed, and another amount has been consulted in national documentation centers and international digital platforms, which has generated The result is a model for the drafting of background information, which among its aims is to facilitate the construction of qualitative research antecedents and, therefore, to be a reference for those who are flamingly initiated in the area of educational research.

A morphological and phylogenetic analysis of Ornithodoros marinkellei (Acari: Argasidae), with additional notes on habitat and host usage

Abstract: Ornithodoros marinkellei was described from larvae collected on Pteronotus spp. bats in Colombia and Panama. More recently, this tick was reported in the Brazilian Amazon. Because some morphometric differences were observed between O. marinkellei larvae from Colombia and Brazil, it was proposed that further investigations were needed to assess whether the differences could be attributed to intra- or inter-specific polymorphism. Herein, we collected O. marinkellei specimens in the type locality of Colombia, in Brazil, and in a new locality in Nicaragua, expanding the distribution of the species to Nicaragua. Morphometric analysis of larvae and adults, corroborated by a principal component analysis (PCA), indicated that the Brazilian specimens were larger than specimens from Colombia and Nicaragua. Phylogenetic analysis inferred from the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene showed ticks from Colombia and Nicaragua more genetically related than any of them with ticks from Brazil, although ticks from the three countries grouped in a clade sister to a major clade containing sequences of various Neotropical Ornithodoros species. We concluded that ticks identified as O. marinkellei from Colombia, Nicaragua, and Brazil represent the same taxon, and that the genetic and morphological differences between them are likely to have a geographical bias. We redescribed the nymph of O. marinkellei, which has a vestigial hypostome, probably incompatible with blood feeding. We also report human infestation by O. marinkellei adults. As all reports of O. marinkellei adults have been from hot caves (temperature > 35 °C), this abiotic condition could be a limiting factor for the occurrence of this tick species.

Mangrove Restoration an Economical Alternative for Generating Incomes

Abstract: Mangroves are distributed in the American continent from the southern of the United States to South America and play an important role in the economies of coastal communities that provide a wide diversity of satisfaction ranging from food until protect communities of the wind, hurricanes and storms. However, the presence of pests, diseases, misuse of resources and the fire has been linked to the disappearance of the ecosystem. In 2010, a massive defoliation of black mangrove (Avicennia germinans L.) caused by Caterpillar Anacamptodes sp was presented, which altered the economic activities practiced in the zone. It problem caused death of this species in an area of 3846 hectares. In 2012 the restoration of 50 hectares began in the ejido Las Coloradas, Cardenas Tabasco to assess the response of the ecosystem and ecological succession. Further growth of mangrove plants, gradual recovery of fishing activity, return of biodiversity, income stabilization and water levels was obtained. Local and national authorities have acknowledged the work done and the process is being transferred to other affected areas. It is expected that the coastal population affected recover their productive activities and keep the restored area. Community participation was 179 people; four workshops were held and given the exchange with other zones similar. The plague disappeared by itself in March 2011 but has been developed insecticides if it presents again. In conclusion mangroves it should be considered a priority in the production of food for coastal populations would enhance its ecological restoration as they constitute a niche for feeding, nesting, shelter, perch and reproduction of local and migratory birds as well as being the habitat for many species of mammals, reptiles and invertebrates.

Detección de Leptospira spp. en animales y muestras ambientales de áreas peridomésticas en Nicaragua

Abstract: RESUMEN Objetivo El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer las caracteristicas epidemiologicas de la leptospirosis en animales domesticos y en los casos de leptospirosis humana en areas peridomesticas en Nicaragua entre 2014 y 2016. Metodos Las muestras se extrajeron en areas donde se confirmaron casos en humanos utilizando un muestreo no probabilistico en 10 de los 17 departamentos del pais. Se incluyeron 112 muestras de orina de animales domesticos, 129 muestras de agua y 69 de tierra para aislar leptospiras en medio Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH). Ademas, se aplico la prueba de microaglutinacion (MAT) en 263 muestras de suero de animales y 88 aislados se analizaron mediante PCR. Resultados En 32,6% (101/310) de las muestras se aislaron espiroquetas, 23,2% (26/112) se aislaron en la orina de animales domesticos, 47,3% (61/129), en las muestras de agua y 20,3 % (14/69), en las de tierra. El analisis de aislamiento mostro diferencias significativas (P < 0,05) entre los departamentos para los diferentes tipos de muestras, y el aislamiento fue mas frecuente en agua que en tierra (OR = 3,49; IC95%: 1,56-7,80). El 14,1% (37/263) de los animales fueron reactores en la prueba de microaglutinacion. El serogrupo mas frecuente fue Icterohaemorrhagiae (40%). En el analisis con la PCR para identificar leptospiras de las especies patogenas 10,2% (9/88) de los aislamientos fueron positivos. Conclusiones Esta investigacion demuestra que los animales domesticos y el ambiente desempenan un papel importante en la aparicion de brotes de la leptospirosis y confirma el comportamiento endemico de la enfermedad en Nicaragua.

Protagonistas del Bono Productivo Alimentario y sus desafíos

Abstract: El presente estudio presenta los desafios que tienen las protagonistas del Programa Bono Productivo Alimentario en el cumplimiento de los objetivos que este se propone. El estudio se realizo por medio de entrevistas a nivel municipal. Los resultados de la investigacion evidencian el desafio de mejorar la dieta alimenticia, comercializar excedentes, desarrollar iniciativas micro-empresariales. Asi mismo, es importante en este proceso fomentar una actitud emprendedora direccionada a una economia de escala y para ello es fundamental un acompanamiento del gobierno en cuanto a la asistencia tecnica de las protagonistas.

Hiperplasia Epitelial Multifocal en un niño de una comunidad rural de Chinandega, Nicaragua. Reporte de caso

Abstract: La Hiperplasia Epitelial Focal (HEF) es una enfermedad que se presenta en pacientes entre los 3 y 18 anos. Se ha asociado a los subtipos 13 y 32 del Virus del Papiloma Humano. Es una entidad rara y desconocida por Odontologos y Pediatras, y es importante diferenciarla de las entidades papilomatosas de caracter maligno. El objetivo de este caso es describir los hallazgos clinicos raros y multiples en la mucosa oral de un nino de 15 anos de edad, haciendo un manejo terapeutico con acido tricloroacetico 80% (ATA). La informacion recopilada fue a traves de fichas clinicas y la guia del proceso del diagnostico en Patologia Bucal de la Facultad de Odontologia de la UNAN-Leon. Esta investigacion es epidemiologica, no experimental, longitud en un periodo de 7 meses con previo consentimiento informado. En este caso se obtuvo una eliminacion de las lesiones a las 5 semanas de iniciado el tratamiento. Se identifico un cambio inmediato de color en las lesiones tras aplicado el ATA 80% y se observo que el liquido no causa lesiones sobre el tejido sano perilesional. En la mucosa de carrillos la capa de epitelio abrasivo se desprendio a los 4 dias la primera semana y cada 24 horas en las semanas siguientes. No hubo regresion de lesiones en los controles postoperatorios a los 6 meses, la terapia se considero exitosa.

El forraje verde hidropónico (FVH), de maíz como alternativa alimenticia y nutricional para todos los animales de la granja

Abstract: The experiments carried out are based on agricultural and livestock use, since an agricultural harvest is used to supplement animal feed, using unusual alternatives, such as the HVF (hydroponic green forage) of artisanal corn, a food Little used for lack of knowledge in our areas, but internationally recognized for its easy handling and the high nutritional percentage it contains.

Frecuencia de quistes y tumores odontogénicos en población nicaragüense. Estudio retrospectivo a siete años

Abstract: Background: Odontogenic cysts and tumors (OCTs) are an important group of oral pathologies. There are no epidemiological data of the frequency of these lesions among Nicaraguans. Purpose: To establish the relative frequency of OCTs in Nicaraguan population. Methods: This was a retrospective study in which excisional biopsy records of regional hospital pathology departments from the cities of Leon, Managua, Esteli, Matagalpa, and Jinotega, obtained between 2010 and 2016, were analyzed. The pathologies were classified using the World Health Organization 2017 guidelines. Data analysis was descriptive through relative frequencies. Results: There were 109 OCT cases (0.8 %) out of 13,102 reports reviewed. Distribution by sex was 50.9 % men and 49.9 % women, mainly in the 11-to-30-year age range. The most frequent cyst was dentigerous cyst (69.5 %) and the most common odontogenic tumor was ameloblastoma (50 %), predominantly in the jaw. Conclusion: This study provides epidemiological information on OCTs from five Nicaraguan cities. These data are important to identify groups at risk and possible associated factors, and to implement differential diagnostic and adequate treatment systems.

Neurosurgical implications of osteogenesis imperfecta in a child after fall: Case illustration

Abstract: Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a group of hereditary genetic pathologies of connective tissue, which is characterized by bone fragility and fractures. It is classified into types I, II, III, IV, V, and VI. The disorder is caused by an autosomal-dominant mutation in one of the two genes that encode the alpha chains of type I collagen, COL1A1 and COL1A2. Several central nervous system abnormalities have been described in children with OI, however, it has been through various case reports. The neurological abnormalities that have been described are macrocephaly, ventriculomegaly, myelopathy, cranial neuropathy, basilar invagination, obstructive hydrocephalus, cranial fractures, and intracranial hemorrhage. In this report, we describe the clinical case of a child with parietal fracture; the main objective of this work being to show one of the several neurological implications that children with OI can present, and their implications for the pediatric neurosurgeons as neurosurgical complications are very frequent.

Cardiovascular complications associated with spinal cord injury

Abstract: Spinal cord injury can lead to important functional, psychological and social sequelae Despite the progress in medicine and greater understanding of the pathophysiological events associated with a traumatic spinal cord injury, spinal cord injury is still associated with a high morbidity and mortality The involvement of the autonomic nervous system has implications in acute and chronic stages of the injured spinal cord patients The most frequent cardiovascular complications in the acute phase of the traumatic spinal lesions are bradyarrhythmia, hypotension, increased vasovagal reflexes, ventricular and supraventricular ectopic beats, venous stasis, and vasodilation In the chronic phase, we find orthostatic hypotension, alteration of the arterial pressure and the regulation of the body temperature as well as alteration of the blood volume The knowledge of the cardiovascular alterations is of vital importance for the management and rehabilitation of the patients with spinal cord injury In this article, we present a critical review of medical literature