Stockholm County Council

About: Stockholm County Council is a government organization based out in Stockholm, Sweden. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 1410 authors who have published 2429 publications receiving 78936 citations.

Cognitive impairment in adolescents and adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Abstract: Objective Impaired cognition has been reported in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), although the findings have been conflicting. It has been hypothesized that the major causes of the deficits are prenatal hormonal imbalances and/or excessive glucocorticoid treatment. Design An observational study investigating cognition in patients with CAH. Patients A total of 55 patients with CAH and 58 control subjects from the general population, aged 16-33 years. Nine CAH subjects had been treated prenatally with dexamethasone. Setting Singel research institute. Measurements Standardized neuropsychological tests (Wechsler Scales and Stroop Interference Test) and questionnaires (Barkley Deficit in Executive Functioning Scale) were used. Results Compared to controls, patients with CAH had impaired performance in tests measuring verbal working memory (P = .024), visual-spatial working memory (P = .005 and P = .003) and inhibition (P = .002). In measures of fluid intelligence/nonverbal logical reasoning, males with CAH performed poorer than control males (P = .033). Patients with salt-wasting CAH performed equally compared to patients with simple virilizing CAH. However, patients with a null genotype performed poorer than patients with a non-null genotype and significantly worse on fluid intelligence/nonverbal logical reasoning (P = .042). Prenatally-treated women performed worse on most cognitive measures than women with CAH not treated prenatally. Conclusions Patients with CAH had normal psychometric intelligence but impaired executive functions compared with population controls. A null CAH genotype was associated with poorer general cognitive capacity.

Air pollution exposure during pregnancy and symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in children in Europe

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy may increase attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children, but findings have been inconsistent. We aimed to study this association in a collaborative study of eight European population-based birth/child cohorts, including 29,127 mother-child pairs. METHODS: Air pollution concentrations (nitrogen dioxide [NO2] and particulate matter [PM]) were estimated at the birth address by land-use regression models based on monitoring campaigns performed between 2008 and 2011. We extrapolated concentrations back in time to exact pregnancy periods. Teachers or parents assessed ADHD symptoms at 3-10 years of age. We classified children as having ADHD symptoms within the borderline/clinical range and within the clinical range using validated cutoffs. We combined all adjusted area-specific effect estimates using random-effects meta-analysis and multiple imputations and applied inverse probability-weighting methods to correct for loss to follow-up. RESULTS: We classified a total of 2,801 children as having ADHD symptoms within the borderline/clinical range, and 1,590 within the clinical range. Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy was not associated with a higher odds of ADHD symptoms within the borderline/clinical range (e.g., adjusted odds ratio [OR] for ADHD symptoms of 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.89, 1.01 per 10 µg/m increase in NO2 and 0.98, 95% CI = 0.80, 1.19 per 5 µg/m increase in PM2.5). We observed similar associations for ADHD within the clinical range. CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence for an increase in risk of ADHD symptoms with increasing prenatal air pollution levels in children aged 3-10 years. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B379.

Body size and hip fracture risk. Swedish Hip Fracture Study Group.

Abstract: The objective of this population-based case-control study was to determine the independent association between height, weight at different ages and adult weight change on hip fracture risk, and the joint effects of these factors The study base comprised postmenopausal women 50-81 years of age who resided in six counties in Sweden during the period October 1993 to February 1995 The study included 1,327 cases with an incident hip fracture and 3,262 randomly selected controls We obtained information on body measures and other factors possibly related to hip fracture through mailed questionnaires and telephone interviews Height and weight change were dominant risk factors Tall women (> or = 169 cm) had an odds ratio of 316 (95% confidence interval = 247-405) compared with women shorter than 159 cm Weight gain during adult life was strongly protective: compared with those with moderate weight change (-3 to 3 kg), those with substantial weight gain (> or =12 kg) had a markedly decreased risk of hip fracture (odds ratio = 035; 95% confidence interval = 027-045), whereas weight loss was associated with an increased risk Weight change retained important effects among all subjects, even after controlling for current weight and weight at age 18 In contrast, among women who gained weight, the separate effects of current weight and weight at age 18 were small or absent Among women who lost weight, both current weight and weight at age 18 had effects that remained after controlling for weight change Adult weight change and height are dominant body size risk factors for hip fracture Weight loss vs weight changes demarcates different patterns of hip fracture risk

Dissecting the heterogeneous cortical anatomy of autism spectrum disorder using normative models

Abstract: Background The neuroanatomical basis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has remained elusive, mostly due to high biological and clinical heterogeneity among diagnosed individuals. Despite considerable effort towards understanding ASD using neuroimaging biomarkers, heterogeneity remains a barrier, partly because studies mostly employ case-control approaches, which assume that the clinical group is homogeneous. Methods Here, we used an innovative normative modelling approach to parse biological heterogeneity in ASD. We aimed to dissect the neuroanatomy of ASD by mapping the deviations from a typical pattern of neuroanatomical development at the level of the individual and to show the necessity to look beyond the case-control paradigm to understand the neurobiology of ASD. We first estimated a vertex-wise normative model of cortical thickness development using Gaussian process regression, then mapped the deviation of each participant from the typical pattern. For this we employed a heterogeneous cross-sectional sample of 206 typically developing (TD) individuals (127 male), and 321 individuals (232 male) with ASD (aged 6-31). Results We found few case-control differences but the ASD cohort showed highly individualized patterns of deviations in cortical thickness that were widespread across the brain. These deviations correlated with severity of repetitive behaviors and social communicative symptoms, although only repetitive behaviors survived corrections for multiple testing. Conclusions Our results: (i) reinforce the notion that individuals with ASD show distinct, highly individualized trajectories of brain development and (ii) show that by focusing on common effects (i.e. the ‘average ASD participant’), the case-control approach disguises considerable inter-individual variation crucial for precision medicine.