Showing papers in "Trends in Immunology in 2008"

TL;DR: Using RNA interference against phenoloxidase or in specific host-pathogen interactions where the pathogen prevents melanin production by the host, convincing data have confirmed the importance of this cascade in invertebrate innate immunity.

TL;DR: It is hypothesized that in the diseased CNS, interactions between damaged neurons and dysregulated, overactivated microglia create a vicious self-propagating cycle causing uncontrolled, prolonged inflammation that drives the chronic progression of neurodegenerative diseases.

TL;DR: What is presently known of the function and mechanism of action of these miRNAs in the regulation of the innate and acquired immune response is examined.

TL;DR: The clinical implications of HLA-G as a tolerogenic molecule promoting uterine implantation of the embryo or acceptance of solid allografts while allowing the evasion of tumors or viruses from the immune response are reported.

TL;DR: NTregs and iTregs may have different roles in the adaptive immune response because they are resistant to this cytokine and thereby might retain suppressive function at inflammatory sites.

TL;DR: B cells with regulatory function (Bregs) have been identified in experimental models of autoimmunity, infections, and cancer, supporting the notion that, similar to regulatory T cells (Tregs), Breg-mediated suppression is an important means for the maintenance of peripheral tolerance.

TL;DR: Ubiquitination additionally plays critical roles in activation of the noncanonical pathway that regulates NF-kappaB via signal-induced processing of NF- kappaB2 p100.

TL;DR: Cutting the exact functions of the individual CFHR proteins will provide insights into the pathophysiology of such inflammatory and infectious diseases and will define the therapeutic potential of these proteins.

TL;DR: In this review, the recent advances in understanding the regulation of NKG2D ligand expression and their therapeutic implications are analyzed.

TL;DR: The involvement of CD26 in various pathophysiologic states as well as its suitability as a potential therapeutic target in selected immune diseases are discussed.

TL;DR: It is concluded that the evidence for trophoblast HLA-G stimulating leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B1 receptors on decidual leukocytes is compelling and suggest how a fetal molecule might influence the local maternal immune response.

TL;DR: A newly described subset, CD8alphaalpha(+)TCRalphabeta(+) Tregs, is focused on, which in mice recognize a T-cell receptor-derived peptide in the context of the class Ib major histocompatibility complex molecule Qa-1.

TL;DR: Recent advances in the understanding of different, mutually non-exclusive mechanisms of action of IVIg on cells of the innate and adaptive immune system are discussed, which might explain the beneficial effects ofIVIg in certain autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.

TL;DR: A re-evaluation of microglia origin(s) in the inflamed CNS is proposed and the therapeutic perspectives offered by the demonstration of an adult microglial lineage, from bone marrow to brain are discussed.

TL;DR: Immunologic features observed during natural SIV infections suggest approaches for designing new strategies for producing novel second-generation vaccines and therapeutic approaches to inhibit disease progression in HIV-infected humans.

TL;DR: It is concluded that endogenous production of IFN-gamma during inflammatory and autoimmune diseases should be considered as a process with bidirectional immunoregulatory consequences, often resulting in moderation of pathology.

TL;DR: The functional similarities and differences between MGL orthologs are discussed and MGL to its closest homolog, the liver-specific asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R), are compared.

TL;DR: Oral tolerance consists of two phases of immune response: the maintenance of homeostasis and the suppression of immune responses mediated by Ag-specific regulatory T cells, which should contribute to physiological intervention of local and systemic immunity, thereby improvingHomeostasis in both health and disease.

TL;DR: The intestinal epithelium and underlying lamina propria contains large numbers of T cells that play an important role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and defense against intestinal pathogens.

TL;DR: Kinetic and thermodynamic proof for the occurrence of constant heavy domain effects on affinity and specificity suggest new mechanisms for generating antibody diversity and polyreactivity (multispecificity) that impact current views on idiotype regulation, autoimmunity, and B cell selection and change the understanding of vaccine responses.

TL;DR: This review discusses how PI3K influences the mast cell processes described above, and describes how different mast cell receptors use alternative isoforms ofPI3K for these functions and discusses potential downstream targets of these isoforms.

TL;DR: Understanding this final effector pathway may suggest novel strategies for the induction or inhibition of tissue-specific destruction with therapeutic intent in cancer and other immune pathologies.

TL;DR: Optimal regulation of CTLA-4 surface expression is crucial for the balance of stimulatory and inhibitory signals to maximize protective immune responses while maintaining immunological tolerance and preventing autoimmunity.

TL;DR: This review focuses on the roles of CaMKK and CaMKIV cascades in immune and inflammatory responses.

TL;DR: The common and distinct immunological features of respiratory and intestinal immune systems are described and its application to the development of mucosal vaccines is described.

TL;DR: The hygiene hypothesis proposes that several chronic inflammatory disorders (allergies, autoimmunity, inflammatory bowel disease) are increasing in prevalence in developed countries because a changing microbial environment has perturbed immunoregulatory circuits which normally terminate inflammatory responses.

TL;DR: Recent observations point to the idea that innate immune recognition by stromal cells has important implications for the regulation of mucosal homeostasis as well as for the initiation of innate and adaptive immunity.

TL;DR: This analysis suggests that the interaction of HIV with WAP proteins might unravel unknown functions of the ancient WFDC and inform novel immunotherapies for the treatment of HIV and broader virus infections.

TL;DR: A greater understanding of the molecular features that make proteins allergenic will help define new therapeutic targets aimed at blocking allergen recognition and protease activity.

TL;DR: Recent developments relating to interactions and mechanisms of function of the various assembly factors and pathways by which exogenous antigens access MHC class I molecules are discussed.