Showing papers in "Trends in Neurosciences in 2006"

TL;DR: This paper discusses designing a fully implantable biocompatible recording device, further developing real-time computational algorithms, introducing a method for providing the brain with sensory feedback from the actuators, and designing and building artificial prostheses that can be controlled directly by brain-derived signals.

TL;DR: The location-independent property of feature-based attention makes it particularly well suited to modify selectively the neural representations of stimuli or parts within complex visual scenes that match the currently attended feature.

TL;DR: This work focuses on cortical and subcortical changes observed in healthy children, and contrast them with abnormal developmental changes in early-onset schizophrenia, fetal alcohol syndrome, attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Williams syndrome.

TL;DR: It is proposed that human cortical evolution has been accompanied by increasing complexity in the form and function of astrocytes, which reflects an expansion of their functional roles in synaptic modulation and cortical circuitry.

TL;DR: Takeaway is that a unifying view of complex pathogenetic pathways that are likely to lead to autism spectrum disorders through altered neurite morphology, synaptogenesis and cell migration is provided.

TL;DR: Clinical trials have suggested that the CB(1) cannabinoid antagonist rimonabant can cause smoking cessation, Thus, CB( 1) cannabinoid antagonists could represent a new generation of compounds to treat drug addiction.

TL;DR: It is suggested that more attention should be given to the claims of the parallel view of the amygdala, in which aversive learning is mediated by the amygdala basolateral nucleus whereas performance, in this case of various defensive reflexes, ismediated by the central nucleus.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors integrate seminal findings from cognitive research across lifespans of individuals, and also neuropsychological and neurobiological findings, to identify key questions and some potential answers, and to set challenges for fostering future research into intra-individual variability.

TL;DR: It is proposed that the current evidence indicates a dichotomy in orexIn function, such that orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus regulate reward processing for both food and abused drugs, whereas those in the perifornical and dorsomedial hypothalamus regulates arousal and response to stress.

TL;DR: Advances in understanding of acid-sensing ion channels, their potential contributions to disease, and the possibility for their therapeutic modification are reviewed.

TL;DR: It is found that f MRIa provides novel insight into neural representations in the human brain, however, network responses in general and adaptation in particular are more complex than is often assumed, and an unequivocal interpretation of fMRIa results can be achieved only with great care.

TL;DR: This review places the PD-associated mutations of LRRK2 in a structural and functional framework, with the ultimate aim of deciphering the molecular basis of L RRK2-associated pathogenesis.

TL;DR: This review will discuss recent evidence that supports this proposal and examine evidence that loss of this signal, as the result of drug-induced changes in these brain circuits, might account for the maladaptive decision-making that characterizes drug addiction.

TL;DR: There is considerable evidence that the basic functional properties of immature cortical networks are conserved through mammalian evolution, making the neonatal rodent an excellent model for studying early cortical activity and associated plasticity during the developmental period corresponding to the human fetal stage.

TL;DR: Basic research on striatal inhibitory mechanisms and dopaminergic function complements the recent neuroimaging and anatomical data on TS and provides new pieces to the TS puzzle.

TL;DR: Evidence implicates cerebellar circuitry in two types of associative motor learning--eyelid conditioning and vestibulo-ocular reflex adaptation--and implicates primary motor cortex in skilled finger movements and proposes that contradictions have arisen because consolidation can be masked by inhibition of memory retrieval.

TL;DR: A prime example of translational neuroscience is reviewed, through which antagonism of A2A receptors has now entered the arena of clinical trials with realistic prospects for advancing PD therapeutics.

TL;DR: Questions about what instructs microglia to acquire a particular phenotype, and how do these phenotypes differ, are addressed.

TL;DR: Memory consolidation involves a complex network of brain systems and serial and parallel molecular events, even for a task as deceptively simple as one-trial avoidance, and is proposed that these molecular events might also be involved in many other memory types in animals and humans.

TL;DR: It is raised the possibility that old age, and perhaps other factors (genetic and epigenetic) adversely affect viability and self-renewal capacity of microglia, resulting in the generation of senescent and/or dysfunctional cells.

TL;DR: The hypothesis that brain estrogens display many, if not all, functional characteristics of neuromodulators or even neurotransmitters is developed.

TL;DR: The hypothesis is that abnormalities in the superior temporal sulcus (STS) are highly implicated in ASD, and anatomical and functional anomalies occurring during early brain development could constitute the first step in the cascade of neural dysfunction underlying ASD.

TL;DR: Despite differing initial events, increasing evidence indicates that even in clinically heterogeneous diseases, there might be common immunological pathways that result in neurotoxicity and reveal targets for more efficient therapies.

TL;DR: Enhanced understanding of the molecular basis of endogenous anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective signaling in the RPE presents an opportunity for the development of therapies for retinal degenerative diseases.

TL;DR: Emerging evidence supports the view that induction of autophagy is a neuroprotective response and that inadequate or defective autophagic activity promotes neuronal cell death in most of these disorders.

TL;DR: In these ways, neurohormetic phytochemicals such as resveratrol, sulforaphanes and curcumin might protect neurons against injury and disease by stimulating the production of antioxidant enzymes, neurotrophic factors, protein chaperones and other proteins that help cells to withstand stress.

TL;DR: Several recent studies that offer clues as to how these proteins form synapses and how they might function in the brain to establish and modify neuronal network properties and cognition are reviewed.

TL;DR: A model of the information-processing circuit of the aging hippocampus is synthesized and it is shown that small concurrent changes during aging strengthen the auto-associative network of the CA3 subregion at the cost of processing new information coming in from the entorhinal cortex.

TL;DR: Children with language-learning impairments (LLI) form a heterogeneous population with the majority having both spoken and written language deficits as well as sensorimotor deficits, specifically those related to dynamic processing.

TL;DR: It is argued that during skilled motor practice, this leads to an excessive tendency to form associations between sensory inputs and motor outputs (abnormal potentiation) and to a failure to weaken already existing associations (deficient depotentiation).